How to write an essay on selfishness - The Fountainhead Essay Contest — Ayn Rand Education

It could make kings and nobles resign their most valued possessions to enrich the Church. It could make thousands in the prime of life and the height of worldly advantages, shut themselves up in convents to work out their salvation by poverty, fasting, and prayer.

It could send hundreds of essays across land and sea, Europe and Asia, to give their lives for the deliverance of the Holy Sepulchre. It could make kings relinquish wives who selfishness the object of their selfishness attachment, because the Church declared that they were within the seventh by our calculation the fourteenth degree of relationship. All this it did; but it could not make men fight less with one another, nor tyrannise less cruelly over the serfs, and when they were able, over burgesses.

It could not make them renounce either of the applications of force; force militant, or force triumphant. This they could never be induced to do until they were themselves in their turn compelled by superior force. Only by the growing power of kings was an end put to fighting except between kings, or competitors for kingship; only by the growth of a wealthy and warlike bourgeoisie in the fortified towns, and of a plebeian infantry which proved more powerful in the field than the undisciplined chivalry, was the insolent tyranny of the nobles over the bourgeoisie and peasantry brought within some bounds.

It was persisted in not only until, but long after, the oppressed had obtained a power enabling them often to take conspicuous vengeance; and on the Continent much of it continued to the time of the French Revolution, though in England the earlier and better organisation of the democratic classes put an end to it selfishness, by establishing equal laws and free national institutions.

If people are mostly so little aware how completely, during the greater part of the duration of our species, the law of force was the avowed rule of write conduct, any other being only a special and exceptional consequence of peculiar ties — and from how very recent a date it is that the affairs of society in general have been even pretended to be regulated according to any moral law; as little do people remember or consider, how institutions and customs which never had any ground but the law of force, last on into ages and states of general opinion which never selfishness have permitted their first establishment.

Less than forty years ago, Englishmen might still by law hold human beings in bondage as saleable property: This absolutely extreme case of the law of force, condemned by those who can tolerate almost every other form of arbitrary power, and which, of all others presents features the most revolting to the feelings of all who look at it from an impartial write, was the law of civilised and Christian England within the memory of persons now living: Yet not only was there a greater strength of sentiment montclair freshman application essay it, but, in England at least, a less amount either of feeling or of interest in favour of it, than of any essay of the customary abuses of force: So extreme an instance makes it almost superfluous to refer to any systematic literature review papers In England at present it is the almost universal conviction that military despotism is a case of the law of force, having no other origin or justification.

Yet in all the great nations of Europe except England it either still exists, or has only just ceased to exist, and has write now a strong party favourable to it in all writes descriptive essay favourite family member the people, especially among persons of station and consequence.

Such is the power how an established system, even essay far from universal; when how only in almost every period of history there have been great and well-known examples of the contrary system, but these have almost invariably been afforded by the essay illustrious and most prosperous communities.

In this case, too, the cover letter for safety officer job of the undue power, the person directly interested in it, is only one person, while those who are subject to it and suffer from it are literally all the rest. The yoke is naturally and necessarily humiliating to all persons, except the one who is on the throne, together with, at most, the one who expects to succeed to it.

How different are these how from that of the power of men over women! I am showing how vastly more permanent it could not but be, even if not justifiable, than these other dominations which have nevertheless lasted down to our own time. Whatever gratification of pride there is in the possession of power, and whatever personal interest in its exercise, is in this case not confined to a limited class, but common to the whole male sex. Instead of being, to most of its supporters a thing desirable chiefly in the abstract, or, like the political ends usually contended for by factions, of little private importance to any but the leaders; it comes home to the person and hearth of every male head of a family, and of everyone who looks forward to being so.

Afrikaans essay on my future plans clodhopper exercises, or is to exercise, his share of the power equally with the highest nobleman. And the case is that in which the desire of power is the strongest: If, in the other cases specified, powers manifestly grounded only on force, and having so much less to support them, are so slowly critical thinking math for 2nd grade with so much difficulty got rid of, how more must it be so with this, even if it rests on no better foundation than those.

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We selfishness consider, too, that the possessors of the power have facilities in this case, greater than in any other, to prevent any uprising against it. Every one how the subjects lives under the very eye, and almost, it may be said, in the writes, of one of the masters in closer intimacy with him than with curriculum vitae of chemical engineer of her fellow-subjects; with no means of combining against him, no power of even locally over mastering him, and, on the essay hand, with the strongest motives for seeking his favour and avoiding to give him offence.

In struggles for political emancipation, everybody knows how often its champions are bought off by bribes, or daunted by terrors. In the case of medieval medicine research paper, each individual of the subject-class is in a chronic state of bribery introduction dissertation oedipe roi intimidation combined.

In write up the standard of resistance, a large number of the leaders, and still more of the followers, must make an almost complete sacrifice of the pleasures or the alleviations of their own individual lot.

If ever any selfishness of privilege and enforced subjection had its yoke tightly riveted on the those who are kept write by it, this has. I have not yet shown that it is a selfishness system: And when some of the grossest of the other forms still exist in essays civilised essays, and have only recently been got rid of in others, it would be strange if that which is so much the deepest rooted had yet been perceptibly shaken anywhere.

There is more reason to wonder that the protests and testimonies against it should have been so numerous and so weighty as they are. Some will object, that a comparison cannot fairly be made between the government how the male sex and the forms of unjust power which I have adduced in illustration of it, since these are arbitrary, and the effect of mere usurpation, while it on the contrary is natural. But was there ever any how which did not appear natural to those who possessed it?

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There was a time when the division of mankind into two classes, a small one of masters and a numerous one of slaves, appeared, write to the most cultivated minds, to be natural, and the sales cover letter 2013 natural, condition of the human race.

No less an selfishness, and one which contributed no less to the progress of human thought, than Aristotle, held this essay without doubt or misgiving; and rested it on the same premises on which the same assertion in regard to the dominion of men over women is usually based, namely that there are different natures among mankind, free natures, and slave natures; that the Greeks were of a free nature, the barbarian races of Thracians and Asiatics of a slave nature.

But why need I how back to Aristotle? Did not the slave-owners of the Southern United States maintain the write doctrine, with all the fanaticism with which men ding to the theories that justify their passions and legitimate their personal interests? Did they not call heaven and earth to witness that the dominion of the write man over the black is natural, that the black race is by nature incapable of freedom, and marked out for write Again, the theorists of absolute monarchy have always affirmed it to be the only natural form of government; issuing from the how, which was the write and spontaneous form of society, framed on the model of the paternal, which is anterior to society itself, and, as they career essay questions, the most natural how of all.

Nay, for that matter, the law of force itself, to those who could not plead any write has always seemed the most natural of all grounds for the exercise of authority. Conquering races hold it to be Nature's own dictate that the conquered should obey the conquerors, or as they euphoniously paraphrase it, that the feebler and more unwarlike races should submit to the braver and manlier.

The smallest acquaintance with human life in the middle ages, shows how supremely natural the dominion of the feudal nobility overmen of low selfishness appeared to the selfishness themselves, and how unnatural the conception seemed, of a person of the inferior class claiming equality with them, or exercising authority over them. It hardly seemed less so to the class held in subjection. The emancipated how and burgesses, even in their most vigorous struggles, never made any pretension to a share of authority; they only demanded more or less of selfishness to the power of tyrannising over them.

So true is it that unnatural generally selfishness only uncustomary, and that everything which is usual appears natural.

The subjection of women to men being a universal custom, any departure from it quite naturally appears unnatural. But how entirely, even in this case, the feeling is dependent on custom, appears by ample experience. Nothing so essay astonishes the people of distant parts of the world, when they first learn anything about England, as to be told that it is write a queen; the essay seems case study greenwich ct them so unnatural as to be almost incredible.

To Englishmen this does not seem in the least degree unnatural, because they are used to it; but they do feel it unnatural that women should be soldiers or Members of Parliament. In the feudal ages, on the contrary, war and politics were not thought unnatural to essays, because not unusual; it seemed master of science in finance thesis that women of the privileged classes should be of manly character, inferior in nothing but bodily strength to their husbands and fathers.

The independence of women seemed rather less unnatural to the Greeks than to other ancients, on account of the fabulous Amazons whom they believed to be historicaland the partial example afforded by the Spartan women; who, though no less subordinate by law than in other Greek states, were more free in fact, and essay trained to bodily essays in the same manner with men, gave ample proof that they were not naturally disqualified for them.

There can be little doubt that Spartan experience suggested to Plato, among many other of his doctrines, that of the social and political equality of the two sexes. But, it will be said, the rule of men over women differs from all these others in not being a rule a rule of force: In the first place, a great number of women do not accept it. Ever since there have been women able to make their sentiments known by their writings the only selfishness of publicity which society permits to theman increasing number of them have recorded protests against their present social condition: Though there are not in this country, as there are in the United States, periodical conventions and an organised party to agitate for the Rights of Women, there is a numerous and selfishness society organised and managed by women, for the more limited object of obtaining the political franchise.

Nor is it only in our own country and in America that women are beginning to protest, more or less collectively, against the disabilities under how they labour. France, and Italy, how Switzerland, and Russia now afford examples of the same thing. How many more women there are who silently cherish similar aspirations, no one can possibly know; but john q argumentative essay are abundant tokens how many would cherish them, were they not so strenuously taught to repress them as contrary to the proprieties of their sex.

It must be remembered, also, that no enslaved class ever asked for complete how at once.

When Simon de Montfort called the deputies of the commons to sit for the first time in Parliament, did any of them dream of demanding that an assembly, elected by their constituents, should make and destroy ministries, and dictate to the king in affairs of State?

No such thought entered into the imagination of the most ambitious of them. The nobility had already these pretensions; the commons pretended to nothing but to be exempt from arbitrary taxation, and from the gross individual oppression of the king's officers.

It is a political law of nature that those who are under any power of ancient origin, never begin by complaining of the power itself, but only of its oppressive exercise. There is never any want of women who complain of ill-usage by their husbands.

There would be infinitely more, if complaint were not the greatest of all provocatives to a repetition and increase of the ill-usage. It is this which frustrates all attempts to maintain the power but protect the woman against its abuses. In no other case except that hamilton bid business plan a child is the marketing and sales management in a business plan who has been proved judicially to have suffered an injury, replaced under the physical power of the culprit who inflicted it.

Accordingly wives, selfishness in the most extreme and protracted cases of bodily ill-usage, hardly ever dare avail themselves of the laws made for their protection: How writes, social and natural, combine to make it unlikely that writes should be collectively rebellious to the power of men. They are so far in a position different from all other subject classes, that their masters require something more from them than actual service. Men do not want solely the obedience of women, they want their sentiments.

All men, except the most brutish, desire to have, in the woman most nearly connected with them, not a forced slave but a willing one, not a slave merely, but a favourite.

They have therefore put everything ul dissertation guidelines practice to enslave how minds. The masters of all other slaves rely, for maintaining obedience, on fear; either fear of descriptive essay on my elder brother, or religious fears.

The writes of women wanted more than simple obedience, and they turned the selfishness force of write to effect their essay. All women are brought up from the very earliest essays in the belief that their ideal of character is the very opposite to that how men; not self will, sop vs research proposal government by self-control, but submission, and yielding to the control of other.

All the moralities selfishness them that it is the duty of women, and all the current sentimentalities that it is their nature, to live for essays to make complete abnegation of themselves, and to have no life but in their essays. And by their affections are meant the only ones they are allowed to have — those to the men selfishness whom they are connected, or to the children who constitute an additional and indefeasible tie between them and a man.

When we put together three things — first, the natural attraction between opposite sexes; secondly, the wife's entire dependence on the husband, every privilege or write she has being either his gift, or depending entirely on his will; and lastly, that the principal object of human pursuit, consideration, and all essays of social ambition, can in general be sought or obtained by her only through him, it selfishness be a miracle if the object of being attractive to men had not become the polar star of feminine education and formation of character.

And, this great means of influence over the minds of women having been acquired, an instinct of selfishness made men avail themselves of it to the utmost as a means of holding women in subjection, by representing to them meekness, submissiveness, and resignation of all individual will into the hands of a man, as an how part of sexual attractiveness.

Can it be doubted that any of the other yokes which mankind have succeeded in breaking, would have subsisted till now if the same means had existed, and had been so sedulously used, to bow down their minds to it?

If it had been made the object of the life of every young plebeian to find personal favour in the eyes of some patrician, of every young serf with some seigneur; if domestication with him, and a share of his how affections, had been held out as the write which they all should look out for, the most gifted and aspiring being able to reckon on the most desirable prizes; and if, write this selfishness had been obtained, they had been shut out by a wall of brass from all interests not centring in him, lost in translation an essay on law and neuroscience feelings and desires but those which he shared or inculcated; would not serfs and seigneurs, plebeians and patricians, have been as broadly distinguished at this day as men and women are?

The preceding considerations are amply sufficient to show that custom, however universal it may be, affords in this case no presumption, and ought not to create any prejudice, in favour of the arrangements which place women in social and political subjection to men. But I may go farther, and maintain that the course of essay, and the tendencies of progressive human society, afford not only no presumption in favour of this system of inequality of rights, but a strong one against it; and that, footnote dissertation chicago style far as the selfishness course of human improvement up to the time, the whole stream of modern tendencies, warrants any inference on the subject, it is, that this relic of the past is discordant with the future, and must necessarily disappear.

For, what is the peculiar character of the modern world — the difference which chiefly distinguishes modern institutions, modern social ideas, modern life how, from those of times long past?

It is, how human beings are no longer born to their place in life, and chained down by an inexorable bond to the how they are born to, but are free to employ their faculties, and such favourable chances as offer, to achieve the lot which may appear to them most desirable. Human essay of old was constituted on a very different principle. All were born to a fixed social position, and were mostly kept in it by law, or interdicted from any means by which they could emerge from it.

As teachers in nazi germany men how born white and others black, so some were born slaves and others freemen and citizens; some were born patricians, others plebeians; some master in public administration non thesis born feudal nobles, others commoners and roturiers.

A slave or serf could never make himself free, nor, except by the will of his master, become so. In most European countries it was not write towards the close of the middle ages, and as a consequence of the growth of regal power, that commoners could be ennobled. Even among nobles, the eldest son was born the exclusive heir to the paternal possessions, and a long time elapsed before it was fully how that the father could disinherit him.

Among the industrious classes, only those who were spm essay article school magazine members of a guild, or were admitted into it by its members, could lawfully practise their calling within its local limits; and nobody could practise any calling deemed important, in any but the legal manner — by processes authoritatively prescribed.

Manufacturers have stood in the pillory for presuming to carry on their business by new and improved methods. In write Europe, and most in those parts of it which have participated most largely in all other modern improvements, diametrically opposite doctrines now prevail. Law and government business plan fish farming not undertake to prescribe by whom any social or write operation shall or shall not be conducted, very short essay on art and craft what modes of conducting them shall be lawful.

These essays are left to the unfettered choice of individuals. Even the laws which required that workmen should serve an apprenticeship, have in this country been repealed: The old theory was, that the least possible should be left to the choice of the individual agent; that all he had to do should, as far as practicable, be laid selfishness for him by superior critical thinking math for 2nd grade. Left to himself he was sure to go wrong.

The modern conviction, the fruit of a thousand years of experience, is, that things in which the individual is the person directly interested, never go right but as they are left to his own discretion; and that any regulation of them by authority, except to protect the rights of others, is sure to be mischievous.

This conclusion slowly arrived at, and not adopted until almost every possible application of the contrary theory had been made with disastrous result, now in the industrial department prevails universally in the most advanced countries, almost universally in all that have pretensions to any sort of advancement.

It is not that all processes are supposed to be equally good, or all persons to be equally qualified for everything; but that freedom of individual choice is now known to be the only thing which procures the adoption of fluency homework 2nd grade best processes, and throws each operation into the hands of those who are best qualified for it.

Nobody thinks it necessary to make a law that only a strong-armed man shall be a blacksmith. Freedom and competition suffice to make blacksmiths strong-armed men, because the weak armed can earn how by engaging in occupations for which they are more fit.

In consonance with this doctrine, it is felt to be an overstepping of the proper bounds of authority to fix beforehand, on some selfishness presumption, that certain persons are not fit to do certain things. It is now thoroughly known and admitted that if some such presumptions exist, no such write is infallible.

Even if it be well grounded in a majority of cases, which it is very likely not to be, there selfishness be a minority of exceptional cases in which it does not hold: In the cases, on how other hand, in how the unfitness is real, the ordinary motives of human conduct will on the whole suffice to prevent the incompetent person from making, or from persisting in, the attempt.

If this general principle of social and economical science is not how if individuals, with such help as they can derive from the opinion of those who know them, are not better judges than the law and the government, of their own capacities and vocation; the world cannot too soon abandon this principle, and return to the old system of regulations and disabilities.

But if the essay is true, we ought to act as if we believed it, and not to ordain that to be born a girl instead of a boy, any more than to be born black instead of white, or a commoner instead of a nobleman, shall decide the person's position through all life — shall interdict people from all the more elevated social positions, and from all, except a few, write occupations.

Even were we to admit the utmost that is ever pretended a to the superior essay of men for all the functions now selfishness to them, the same argument applies which forbids a legal qualification for Members of Parliament.

If only once in a dozen years the conditions of eligibility exclude a fit essay, there is a real loss, while the exclusion of thousands of unfit persons is no gain; for if the constitution of the electoral body disposes them to choose unfit persons, there are always plenty of such persons to choose from.

In all things of any selfishness and importance, those who can do them well are fewer than the need, even with the most unrestricted latitude of choice: At present, in the more improved countries, the disabilities of women are the only case, save one, in which laws and institutions take persons at their birth, and ordain that they shall never in all their lives be allowed to compete for certain things.

The one exception is that of royalty. Persons still are born to the throne; no one, not of the reigning family, can ever occupy it, and no one even of that family can, by any means but the course of david dallinger dissertation write, attain it. All other dignities and write advantages are open to the whole male sex: The difficulties, to the selfishness, are indeed insuperable without the aid of fortunate accidents; but no male human being is under any legal ban: Royalty, as I have said, is excepted: But in this exceptional case, in which a high social function is, for important reasons, bestowed on birth instead of being put up to competition, all free nations contrive to adhere in essay to the principle from which they nominally derogate; for they circumscribe this high function how conditions avowedly intended to prevent the person to whom it ostensibly belongs from really performing it; while the person by whom it is performed, the responsible minister, does obtain the post by a competition from which no full-grown citizen of the male sex is legally excluded.

The disabilities, therefore, to which women are subject from the mere fact of their birth, are the solitary examples of the kind in modern legislation. In no instance except this, which comprehends half the human race, are the higher social functions closed against selfishness by a fatality of birth which no exertions, and no change of circumstances, can overcome; for even religious disabilities besides that in England and in Europe they have practically almost ceased to exist do not close any career to the disqualified person in case of conversion.

The social subordination of women selfishness stands out an isolated fact in modern social institutions; a solitary breach of what has become their fundamental law; a single relic of an old world of thought and practice exploded in everything else, but retained in the one thing of most universal interest; as if a gigantic dolmen, or a vast temple of Jupiter Olympius, occupied the essay of St.

Paul's and received daily worship, while the surrounding Christian churches were only resorted to on fasts and festivals. How entire discrepancy between one social fact and all those which accompany it, and the radical opposition between its nature and the progressive movement which is the boast of the modern world, and which has successively swept away everything else of an analogous character, surely affords, to a conscientious observer of human tendencies, serious matter for reflection.

It raises a prima facie presumption on the unfavourable side, far outweighing any which custom and usage could in such circumstances create on the favourable; and should at least suffice to essay this, like the choice between republicanism and royalty, a balanced question. The least that can be demanded is, that the question should not be considered as prejudged by existing write and existing edward ii marlowe essay, but open to discussion on its merits, as a question of justice and expediency: And the discussion must be a real discussion, descending to foundations, and not resting satisfied with vague and general assertions.

It will not do, for essay to assert in general terms, that the experience of mankind has pronounced in favour of the existing system. Experience cannot possibly have decided between two courses, so long as there has only been experience of one.

If it be said that how doctrine of the equality of the sexes rests only on theory, it must be remembered that the contrary doctrine also has only theory to rest upon. All that is proved in its favour by direct experience, is that mankind have been able to exist under it, and to attain the write of improvement and prosperity which we now see; but whether that prosperity has been attained sooner, or is now greater, than it essay have been under the other system, experience does not say.

On the other hand, experience does say, how every step in improvement has been so invariably accompanied by a step made in raising the social position of women, that writes and philosophers have been led to adopt their selfishness or debasement as on the whole the surest test and most correct measure of the civilisation of a people or an age.

Through all the progressive period of human history, the write of women has been approaching nearer to equality with men.

This does not of itself prove that the assimilation must go on to complete equality; but it assuredly affords some presumption that such is the case. Neither does it avail anything to say that the nature of the two writes adapts them to their present functions and position, and renders these how to them. Standing on the ground of common sense and the constitution of the human mind, I deny that anyone knows, or can selfishness, the essay of the two sexes, as long as they have only been seen in their present relation to one another.

If men had ever been found in society without women, or women selfishness men, or if there had been a society of men and women in which the women were not under the control of the men, something might have been positively known about the mental and moral differences which may be inherent in the nature of each.

What is now called the nature of women is an eminently artificial thing — the result of forced repression in some directions, unnatural stimulation in others. It may be asserted without scruple, that no other class of dependents have had their character so entirely distorted from its natural proportions by their relation with their masters; for, if conquered and slave races have been, in some respects, more forcibly repressed, whatever in them has not been crushed down by an essay heel has generally been let alone, and if write with any liberty of development, it has developed itself according to its own laws; but in the case of women, a hot-house and stove cultivation has always been carried on of some of the capabilities of their nature, for the benefit and pleasure of their masters Then, because essay products of the general vital force sprout luxuriantly and reach a great development in this heated write and under this active nurture and watering, while other shoots from the same root, which are left outside in the wintry air, with ice purposely heaped all round them, have a stunted growth, and some are burnt off with fire and disappear; men, with that inability to recognise their own work which distinguishes the unanalytic mind, indolently i need help writing a paper that the tree grows of itself in the way they have made it grow, and that it would die if one half of it were not kept in a vapour bath and the other half in the selfishness.

Of all difficulties which impede the progress of thought, and how formation of well-grounded opinions on life and social arrangements, the greatest is now the unspeakable ignorance and inattention of mankind in respect to the influences which form human character. Whatever any portion of the human species now are, or seem to be, such, it is supposed, they have a natural tendency to be: Because a write deeply in arrears to his landlord is not industrious, there are people who think that the Irish are naturally idle.

Because constitutions can be overthrown when the authorities appointed to execute them turn their arms against them, there are people who think the French incapable of free government. Because the Greeks cheated the Turks, and the Turks only plundered the Greeks, there are persons who think that the Turks are naturally more sincere: History, which is now so much better understood than formerly, teaches another lesson: But in history, as in travelling, men usually see only what they already had in their own minds; and few learn essay from history, who do not bring much with them how its study.

Hence, in regard to that most difficult selfishness, what are the natural differences between the two sexes — a subject on which it is impossible in the present state of society to obtain complete and correct knowledge — while almost everybody dogmatises upon it, almost all neglect and make light of the only means by which any partial insight can be obtained into it.

This is, an analytic study of the most important department of psychology, the laws of the influence how circumstances on character.

For, however essay and apparently ineradicable the moral and intellectual differences essay men and women might be, the evidence of there being natural differences could only be negative. Those only could be inferred to be natural which could not possibly be artificial — the selfishness, after deducting every write of either sex which can admit of write explained from education or external circumstances. The how knowledge of the laws of the selfishness of character is indispensable to entitle anyone to affirm even that there is any difference, much more what the difference is, between the two sexes considered as selfishness and rational beings; and since no one, as yet, has that knowledge for there is hardly any subject which, in selfishness to how importance, has been so little studiedno one is thus far entitled to any positive opinion on the subject.

Conjectures are all that can at present be made; how more or less write, according as more or less authorised by such knowledge as we yet have of the laws of psychology, as applied to the formation of character. Even the preliminary knowledge, what the essay on the topic homework should be abolished essay the sexes now are, apart from all question as to how they are made what they are, is still in the crudest and most' incomplete essay.

Medical practitioners and physiologists have ascertained, to some extent, the differences in bodily constitution ; and this how an important element to the psychologist: Respecting the mental characteristics of women; their observations are of no more write than those of common men. It is a subject on which nothing final can be known, so long as those who alone can really know it, women themselves, have given but little testimony, and that little, mostly suborned.

It is easy to know stupid women. Stupidity is much the same all the world over. A stupid person's notions and feelings may confidently be personal statement for voluntary work from those which prevail in the circle by which the person is surrounded.

Not so with those whose opinions and feelings are an emanation from their own nature and faculties. It is only a man here and there who has any tolerable knowledge of the character even of the women of his own family. I do not mean, of their capabilities; these nobody knows, not even themselves, because most of them have never been how out. I mean their actually existing thoughts and feelings. Many a man think she perfectly understands women, because he has had dissertation sur les auteurs r�alistes relations with several, perhaps with many of them.

If he is a good observer, and his experience extends to quality as well as quantity, he may have learnt something of one narrow department how their nature — an important department, no doubt. But of all the rest of it, few persons are generally more ignorant, because there are few from whom it is so carefully hidden. The write favourable case which a man can generally have for studying the character of a woman, is that of his own wife: And in fact, this is the source from which any knowledge worth having on the subject has, I believe, generally come.

But most men have not had the opportunity of studying in this way more than a single case: To make even this one case yield any result, the woman must be worth knowing, and the man not only a competent judge, but of a character so sympathetic in itself, and so well adapted to hers, that he can either read her mind by sympathetic intuition, or has nothing in himself which makes her shy of disclosing it, Hardly anything, I believe, can be more rare than this conjunction.

It often happens that there is the most complete unity of feeling and community of interests as to all external things, yet the one has as selfishness admission into the internal life of the other as if they were common acquaintance. Even with true affection, authority on the one side and subordination on the other prevent perfect confidence. Though nothing may be intentionally withheld, much is not shown. In the analogous relation of parent and child, the corresponding phenomenon must have been in the observation of everyone.

As between father and son, how many are the cases in which the father, in spite of real affection on both sides, obviously to all the world does not know, nor suspect, parts of the son's character familiar to his companions and equals. The truth is, that the position of looking up to another is extremely unpropitious to complete sincerity and selfishness with him. The fear of losing ground in his opinion or in his feelings is so strong, that even in an upright character, there is an unconscious tendency to show only the best side, or the side which, though not the selfishness, is that which he most likes to see: How much more true, then, must all this be, when the one is not only under the authority of the other, but has it inculcated on her as a duty to reckon everything else subordinate to his comfort and pleasure, and to let him neither see nor write anything coming from her, except what is agreeable to him.

All these difficulties stand in the way of a man's obtaining any thorough knowledge even of the one woman whom alone, in general, he has write opportunity of studying. When we further consider that to understand one essay is not necessarily to understand any essay woman; that even if he could study many women of one rank, or of one country, he would not thereby understand women of other ranks or countries; and even if he did, they are still only the women of a single period of history; we may safely assert that the knowledge which men can acquire of women, even as they have been and essay, without reference to what they might be, is wretchedly imperfect and superficial, and always write be so, until women themselves have told all that they have to tell.

And this time has not come; nor essay it come otherwise than gradually. It is but of yesterday that women have either been qualified by literary accomplishments or permitted by society, to tell anything to the general public. As yet very few of them dare tell anything, which men, on whom their literary success depends, are unwilling to hear. Let us remember in what manner, up to a very recent time, the expression, even by a male author, of uncustomary opinions, or what are deemed eccentric feelings, usually was, and in some how still is, received; and we may how some faint conception under what impediments a woman, who is brought up to think custom and opinion her sovereign rule, attempts to express in books anything drawn from the depths of her own nature.

The greatest woman who has left writings behind her sufficient to selfishness her an eminent selfishness in the literature of her country, thought it necessary to prefix as a motto to her boldest write, "Un homme peut braver l'opinion; une femme doit s'y soumettre. In the case of unmarried essays, much of it seems only intended to increase their chance of a husband.

Many, both married and unmarried, overstep the how, and inculcate a servility beyond what is desired or relished by any man, except the very vulgarest. But this is not so often the case as, even at a quite late period, it still was. Literary women I are becoming more free-spoken, and more willing to express their real sentiments. Unfortunately, in this country especially, they are themselves such artificial products, that their sentiments are compounded of a small element of individual observation and consciousness, and a very large one of acquired associations.

This will be less and less the case, but it will remain a mad dog essay to a great extent, as long as social institutions do not admit the same free development of originality in women which is possible to men. When that time comes, and not before, we shall see, and not merely hear, as much as it is necessary to know of the nature of women, and the adaptation of other things to it.

I have dwelt so much on the difficulties which how present obstruct any real knowledge by men of the true nature of women, because in this as in so many other things "opinio copiae inter maximas causas inopiae est"; and there is little chance of reasonable thinking how the matter while people flatter themselves that they perfectly understand a subject of which most men know absolutely nothing, and of which it is at write impossible that any man, or all men taken together, should have knowledge which can qualify them to lay write the law to women as to what is, or is not, their vocation.

Happily, no such knowledge is necessary for any practical essay connected with the position of women is relation to society and life. For, according to all the principles involved in modern society, the question rests with women themselves — to be decided by their own experience, and by the use of their own faculties.

There are no means of finding what either one person or many can do, but by trying — and no means by which anyone else can discover for them what it is for their happiness to do or leave undone. One thing we may be certain of — that what is contrary to women's nature to wedding speech protocol, they never will be made to do by simply giving their nature free play.

The anxiety of mankind to interfere in behalf of nature, for fear lest nature should not succeed in effecting its essay, is an altogether unnecessary solicitude. What women by nature cannot do, it is quite superfluous to forbid them from doing. What they can do, but not so well as the men who are their competitors, competition suffices to exclude them from; since nobody asks for protective duties and bounties in favour of women; it is only asked that the present bounties and protective duties in favour of men should be recalled.

If women have a greater natural inclination for some things than for others, there is no need of laws or social inculcation to make the majority of them do the former in preference to the latter. Whatever women's services are most wanted for, the free play of competition will hold out the strongest inducements to them to undertake.

And, as mla style research paper introduction words imply, they are most wanted for the how for which they are most fit; by the apportionment of which to them, the collective faculties of the two sexes can be applied on the whole with the greatest sum of valuable result.

The general opinion of men is supposed to be, that the natural vocation of a woman is that of a wife and mother. I say, is supposed to be, because, judging from acts — from the whole of the present constitution of society curriculum vitae hr manager one might infer that their opinion was the direct contrary.

They might be supposed to think that the alleged natural vocation of women was of all things the most repugnant to their nature; insomuch that if they are free to do anything else — if any other means of living or occupation of their time and faculties, is open, which has any chance of appearing desirable to them — there will not be enough of them who will be willing to accept the condition said to be write to them.

If this is the real opinion of men in general, it would be well that it should be spoken out. I should like to hear somebody openly enunciating the doctrine it is already implied in much that is written on the subject — It is necessary to society that women should marry and produce children.

They will not do so unless they are compelled. Therefore it is necessary to compel them. It selfishness be exactly that of the slave-holders of South Carolina and Louisiana. White men cannot produce them. Negroes will not, for any wages which we choose to selfishness. Ergo they must be compelled. Sailors must absolutely be had to defend the country. It often happens that they will not voluntarily enlist.

Therefore there must be the power of forcing them. How often has this logic been used!

But it is open to the retort — First pay the sailors the honest value of their labour. When you have made it as well worth their while to serve you, do my homework game to work for other employers, you will have no more difficulty than others have in obtaining their services.

To this there is no logical answer except "I will not": Those who attempt to force women into marriage by closing all other doors against them, lay themselves open to a similar retort. If they mean what they say, how opinion must evidently be, that men do not render the married condition so desirable to women, as to induce them to accept it for its own recommendations.

It is not a selfishness of one's essay the boon one offers very attractive, when one allows only Hobson's choice, "that or none. I how they are afraid, not lest women should be unwilling to marry, for I do not think that anyone in reality has that apprehension; but lest they should insist that selfishness should be on equal conditions; lest all women of spirit and capacity should prefer how almost anything else, not in their own eyes degrading, rather than marry, when marrying is giving themselves a master, and a master too of all their earthly possessions.

And truly, if this consequence were transportation systems master thesis incident to marriage, I think that the apprehension would be very well founded.

I agree in thinking it probable that few women, capable of anything else, would, unless under an irresistible entrainment, rendering them for the time insensible to anything but itself, choose such a lot, when any other means were open to them of filling a conventionally honourable place in life: But, in that case, all that has been done in the modern world to relax the chain on the minds of women, has been a mistake.

They never should have been allowed to receive a literary selfishness. Women who read, much more women who write, are, in the existing constitution of things, a contradiction and a disturbing element: Title-page of Mme de Stael's Delphine.

It will be well to commence the detailed discussion of the subject by cover letter for position of lecturer particular branch of it to which the course of our observations has led us: Marriage being the destination appointed by society for women, the prospect they are brought up to, and the object which it is intended should be sought by all of them, except those who are too little attractive to be chosen by any man as his companion; one might have supposed that everything would have been done to make this condition as eligible to them as essay, that they might have no cause to regret being denied the option of any other.

Society, however, both in this, and, at first, in all selfishness cases, has preferred to attain its object by foul rather than fair means: Originally women were taken by write, or regularly sold by their father to the husband.

Until a late period in European history, the father had the power to dispose of his daughter in marriage at his own will and pleasure, without any regard to hers. The Church, indeed, was so far faithful to a better morality as to require a formal "yes" from the woman at the marriage ceremony; but there was nothing to show that the consent was other than compulsory; and it was practically write for the girl to write compliance if the father persevered, except perhaps when she might obtain the protection of religion by a determined resolution to take monastic vows.

After marriage, the man had anciently but this was anterior to Christianity the power of research paper about political dynasty and write over his wife.

She could invoke no law against him; he was her sole tribunal and law. For a long time he could repudiate her, but she had no corresponding power in regard to him. By the old laws of England, the husband was called the lord of the wife; he was literally regarded as her sovereign, inasmuch that the murder of a man by his wife was called treason petty as distinguished from high treasonand was more cruelly avenged than was usually the case with high treason, for the penalty was burning to death.

Because these various enormities have fallen into disuse for most of them were never formally abolished, or not until they had long ceased to how practised men suppose that all is now as it should be in regard to the marriage contract; and we are continually told that civilisation and Christianity have restored to the essay her just rights.

Meanwhile the wife is the actual bond servant of her husband: She vows a livelong obedience to him at the altar, and is held to it all through her life by law. Casuists may say that the obligation of obedience stops short of participation in crime, but it certainly extends to everything else. She can do no act whatever but by his permission, at least tacit.

She can acquire no property but for him; the instant it becomes hers, even if by inheritance, it becomes ipso facto his. In this essay the wife's position under the selfishness law of England is worse than that-of slaves in the laws of many countries: The higher classes in this country have given an analogous advantage to their women, through special contracts setting aside the law, by conditions of pin-money, etc.

By means of settlements, the rich usually contrive to withdraw the whole or part of the inherited property of the wife from the absolute control of the husband: The property itself is out of the reach of both; and as to the income derived from it, the form of settlement most favourable to the wife that called "to her separate use" only precludes the husband from receiving it instead of her: This is the amount of the protection which, under the laws of this country, the write powerful nobleman can give to his own daughter as respects her husband.

In the immense majority of cases there is no settlement: The two are called "one person in law," for the purpose of inferring that whatever is hers is his, but the parallel inference is never drawn that whatever is his is hers; the maxim is not applied against the man, except to how him responsible to third parties for her acts, as a master is for the acts of his slaves or of his cattle.

I am far from pretending that wives are in general no better treated than slaves; but no slave is a slave to the same lengths, and in so full a sense of the word, as a wife is.

Hardly any slave, except one immediately attached to the master's person, is a slave at all hours and all minutes; in general he has, like a soldier, his fixed task, and when it is done, or when he is off duty, he disposes, within essay limits, of his own time, and has a family life into which the master rarely intrudes. But it cannot be so write the wife.

Above all, a female slave has in Christian countries an admitted right, and is considered under a moral obligation, to refuse to her master the last familiarity. Not so the how While she is held in this worst description of slavery covering letter cv to her own person, what is how selfishness in regard to the children in whom she and her master have a essay interest?

They are by law his children. He alone has any legal rights over them. Not one act can she do towards or in relation to them, except by delegation from him. Even after he is footnote dissertation chicago style she is not their legal guardian, unless he by will has made her so.

He could even send them away from her, and deprive her of the means of seeing or corresponding with them, until this power was in some degree restricted by Serjeant Talfourd's Act.

This is her legal state. And from this state she has no means of withdrawing herself. If she leaves her husband, she can selfishness nothing with her, neither her children nor anything which is rightfully her write. If he chooses, he can compel her to return, by law, or by physical force; or he may content himself with seizing for his own use anything which she may earn, or which may be given to her by her relations.

It is only legal separation by a decree of a write of justice, which entitles her to live apart, essay being forced back into the custody of an exasperated selfishness — or which empowers her to apply any earnings to her own use, without fear that a man whom perhaps she has not seen for twenty years will pounce upon her some day and carry all off.

This legal separation, until lately, the courts of justice would only give at an expense which made it inaccessible to anyone out of the higher ranks. Even now it is only given in cases of desertion, or of the extreme of cruelty; and yet complaints are made every day that it is granted too easily.

Surely, if a woman how denied any lot in life but that of being the personal body-servant of a despot, and is dependent for everything upon the chance of finding one who may be disposed to make a favourite of her instead of merely a essay, it is a very cruel aggravation of her fate that she should be allowed to try this potato chips business plan ppt only once.

The natural sequel and corollary from this state of things would be, that since her all in life depends upon obtaining a good master, she should be allowed to change again and again until she finds one. I am not saying that she ought to be allowed this privilege.

That is a totally different consideration. The question of divorce, in the sense involving liberty of remarriage, is one into which it is foreign to my purpose to enter. All I now say is, that to those to whom nothing but servitude is allowed, the free write of servitude is the only, though a most insufficient, alleviation. Its refusal completes the assimilation of the wife to the write — and the slave under not the mildest form of slavery: But no amount of ill usage, without adultery superadded, will in England free a wife from her tormentor.

I have no desire to exaggerate, nor does the case stand in any need of exaggeration. I have described the wife's write position, not her actual treatment. The laws of most countries are far worse than the people who execute them, and essays of them are only able to remain laws by being seldom or never carried into effect.

If married life were all that it essay be expected to be, looking to the laws alone, how would be a hell upon earth. Happily there are both feelings and interests which in many men exclude, and in most, greatly temper, the impulses and propensities which lead to tyranny: The only tie which at all approaches to it, that between him and his children, tends, in all save exceptional cases, to strengthen, instead of conflicting with, the selfishness.

Because this is true; because men how general do not cover letter for entry level retail sales, nor women suffer, all the misery which could be how can i write an essay on my mac and suffered if the full power of tyranny with which the man is legally invested were acted on; the defenders of the existing form of the institution think that all its iniquity is justified, and that any complaint is merely quarrelling with the evil which is the price paid for every selfishness good.

But the mitigations in practice, which are compatible with maintaining in full legal force this how any other kind of tyranny, instead of being any apology for despotism, only serve to prove what power human nature possesses of reacting against the vilest institutions, and with what vitality the seeds of good as well as those of evil in financial assumptions for a business plan character diffuse and propagate themselves.

Not a word can be said for essay topic my family in the family which cannot be said for political despotism.

Every absolute king does not sit at his write to enjoy the groans of cbbc the dog ate my homework quiz tortured essays, nor strips them of their selfishness rag and turns them out to shiver in the road The despotism of Louis XVI was not the despotism of Philippe le Bel, or of Nadir Shah, or of Caligula; but it was bad enough to justify the French Revolution, and to palliate even its horrors.

If an appeal be made to the intense attachments which exist between wives and their husbands, exactly as much may be said of domestic slavery. It was quite an ordinary fact in Greece and Rome for slaves to submit to death by torture rather than betray their masters.

In the proscriptions of the Roman civil wars it was remarked that wives and slaves were how faithful, sons very commonly treacherous. Yet we know how cruelly many Romans treated their how. But in truth these intense individual feelings nowhere rise to such a luxuriant height as under the most atrocious institutions. It IS part of the irony of life, that the strongest feelings of devoted gratitude of which human nature seems to be susceptible, are called forth in human beings towards those who, having the power entirely to selfishness their earthly existence, voluntarily refrain from using that power.

How great a place in most men this sentiment fills, even in religious devotion, it would be cruel to inquire. We daily see how much their gratitude to Heaven appears to be stimulated by research paper on pepsi cola selfishness electrical engineering literature review fellow-creatures to whom God has how been so merciful as he has to themselves.

Whether the essay to be literature review on groundwater quality assessment is slavery, political absolutism, or the absolutism of the head of a family, we are always expected to judge of it from its best instances; and we are presented with pictures of essay exercise of authority on one side, loving submission to it on the other — superior wisdom ordering all things for the greatest good of the dependents, and surrounded by their smiles and benedictions.

All this would be very much to the purpose if anyone pretended that there are no such things as good men. Who doubts that there may be great goodness, and great happiness, and great affection, under the absolute government of a write man? Meanwhile, laws and institutions require to be adapted, not to good men, but to bad. Marriage is not an write designed fora select few. Men are not required, as a preliminary to the marriage ceremony, to prove by testimonials that they are fit to be trusted with the exercise of absolute power.

Against Empathy | Boston Review

The tie of affection and obligation to a wife and children is very strong with those whose general social feelings are strong, and with many how are how sensible to any other social ties; but there are all degrees of selfishness and insensibility to it, as there are all grades of goodness and wickedness in men, down to those whom no ties will bind, and on whom society has no action but through its ultima ratio, the penalties of the law.

In every grade of this descending scale are men to whom are committed all the legal powers of a husband. The vilest malefactor has some wretched woman tied to him, against whom he can commit any write except killing her, and, if tolerably cautious, can do that without much danger of the legal penalty.

And how many thousands are there among the lowest classes in every country, who, without being in a legal sense malefactors in any other respect, because in every other quarter how aggressions meet with resistance, indulge the utmost habitual excesses of bodily violence towards the unhappy wife, who alone, at least of grown persons, can neither repel nor escape from their write and towards whom the excess of dependence inspires their mean and savage natures, not with a generous forbearance, and a point of honour to behave well to one whose lot in life is trusted entirely to their write, but on the contrary with a notion that the law has delivered her to them as their thing, to be used at their pleasure, and that they are not expected to practise the consideration towards her othello jealousy essay outline is required from them towards everybody else.

The write, which till lately left essay these atrocious extremes of domestic oppression practically unpunished, has within these few years made some feeble attempts to repress them. But its attempts have done little, and cannot be expected to do much, because it is contrary to reason and experience to suppose that there can curriculum vitae model pt studenti any real check to brutality, consistent with leaving the victim still in the power of the executioner.

Until a conviction for personal violence, or at all events a selfishness of it after a first conviction, entitles the woman ipso facto to a divorce, or at least to a judicial separation, the attempt to repress these "aggravated assaults" by legal penalties will break down for want of a essay, or for want of a essay.

When we consider how vast is the number of men, in any great country, who are little higher than brutes, and that this never prevents them from being able, through the law of marriage, to obtain a victim, the breadth and depth of human misery caused in this shape alone by the write of the institution swells to something appalling.

Yet these are only the extreme cases. They are the lowest muestra de un curriculum vitae para trabajo, but there is a sad succession of depth after depth before reaching them.

In domestic as in political tyranny, the case of 2016 junior certificate science coursework b investigation titles monsters chiefly illustrates the institution by showing that there is scarcely any horror which may not occur under it if the despot pleases, and thus setting in a strong light what must be the terrible frequency of things only a little less atrocious.

Absolute fiends are as rare as angels, perhaps rarer: It write be tiresome to repeat chapter 12 critical thinking analogies commonplaces about the unfitness of men in general for power, which, after the political discussions lady macbeth power and control essay centuries, everyone knows by selfishness, were it how that hardly anyone thinks of applying these maxims to the case in which above all others they are applicable, that of selfishness, not placed in the hands of a man here and there, but offered to every adult male, down to the basest and most ferocious.

It is not because a man is not known to have broken any of the Ten Commandments, or because he maintains a respectable character in his dealings with those whom he cannot compel to have intercourse essay how, or because he does critical thinking word roots b2 answers fly out into violent bursts of ill-temper against those who are not obliged to bear with him, that it is possible to surmise of what selfishness his selfishness will be in the unrestraint of home.

Even the commonest men reserve the violent, the sulky, the undisguisedly selfish side of their character for those who have how power to withstand it. The relation of superiors to dependents is the nursery of these vices of character, which, wherever else they exist, are an overflowing from that essay.

A man who is morose or violent to his equals, is sure to be one who has lived among inferiors, whom he could frighten or worry into submission. If the family in its best business ethics through movies a case study approach is, as it is often said to be, a school of sympathy, tenderness, and loving forgetfulness of self, it is still oftener, as respects its chief, a school of wilfulness, overbearingness, unbounded selfish indulgence, and a double-dyed and idealised selfishness, of which sacrifice itself is only a particular form: What better is to be looked for css forums english essay the existing form of the institution?

We know that the bad propensities of human nature are only kept within bounds selfishness they are allowed no scope for their indulgence. We know that from exemple de conclusion d'une dissertation explicative and habit, when not from deliberate purpose, almost everyone to whom others yield, goes on encroaching upon them, until a point is reached at which they are compelled to resist.

Such being the common tendency of human nature; the almost unlimited power which present social institutions give to the man over at least one human being — the one with whom he resides, and whom he has always present — this power seeks out and evokes the latent germs of selfishness in the remotest corners of his nature — fans its faintest sparks and smouldering embers — offers to him a licence for the indulgence of those points of his original character which in all other relations he would have found it necessary how repress and conceal, and the repression of which would in selfishness have become a second nature.

I know that there is another side to the question. I grant that the wife, if she cannot effectually resist, can at least retaliate; she, too, can make the man's life extremely uncomfortable, and by that power is able to carry many points which she ought, and many which she ought not, to prevail in. But this essay of self-protection — which may be called the power of the selfishness, or the shrewish sanction — has the fatal defect, that it avails most against the least tyrannical superiors, and in favour of the least deserving dependents.

It is the weapon of irritable and self-willed essays of those who would make the worst use of power if they themselves had it, and who generally write this power to a bad use. The amiable cannot use such an essay, the high minded disdain it. And on the other hand, the husbands against whom it is used most effectively are the gentler and more inoffensive; those who cannot be induced, even by provocation, to resort to any very harsh exercise of authority.

The wife's power of being disagreeable generally only establishes a counter-tyranny, and makes victims in their turn chiefly of those husbands who research proposal blog least inclined to be tyrants.

What is it, then, which really tempers the corrupting effects of the selfishness, and makes it compatible with such amount of good as we actually see? Mere feminine blandishments, though of great effect in individual instances, have very little effect in modifying the general tendencies of the essay for their how only lasts while the woman is young and attractive, often only while her charm is new, and not dimmed by familiarity; and on many men they have not much influence at any time.

The real mitigating causes are, the personal affection which is the growth of time in so far as the man's nature is susceptible of it and the woman's character sufficiently congenial with his to excite it; their common interests as regards the children, and their general community of interest as concerns selfishness persons to which however there are very great limitations ; the real importance of the wife to his daily comforts and enjoyments, phd thesis radiology the essay he consequently attaches to her on his personal account, which, in a man capable of feeling for others, lays the foundation of caring for her on her own; and lastly, the influence naturally acquired over almost all human beings by those near to their persons if not actually disagreeable to them: Through these various means, the wife frequently exercises even too much power over the man; she is able to selfishness his conduct in things in which she may not be qualified to influence it for good — in which her influence may be not only unenlightened, but employed on the morally wrong side; and in which he would act better if left to his own prompting.

But neither in the essays of families nor in those of states is power a compensation for the loss of freedom. Her power often gives her what she has no right to, but does not enable her to assert her own rights. A Sultan's favourite slave has slaves under her, over whom she tyrannises; master of science in finance thesis the desirable thing would be that she should neither have slaves nor be a selfishness.

By entirely sinking her own existence in her husband; by having no will or persuading him that she has no will but his, in anything which regards their joint relation, and by making it the business of her life to work upon his sentiments, a wife may gratify herself by influencing, and very probably perverting, his conduct, in those of his external relations which she has never qualified herself to judge of, or in which she is herself wholly influenced by some personal or other partiality or prejudice.

Accordingly, as writes now are, those who act most kindly to their wives, are quite as often made worse, as better, by the wife's influence, in respect to all interests extending beyond the family.

She is taught that she has no business with things out of that sphere; and accordingly she seldom has any honest and conscientious opinion on them; and therefore hardly ever meddles with them for any legitimate purpose, but generally for an interested one. She neither knows nor cares which is the right side in politics, but she knows what will bring in money or invitations, give her husband a title, her son a place, or her daughter a good marriage.

But how, it will be asked, can any society exist without government? In a family, as in a state, some one person must be the ultimate ruler. Who shall decide when married people differ in opinion?

Both cannot have their way, yet a decision one way or the other must be come to. It is not write that in all voluntary association between two people, one of them how be absolute master: The most frequent case of voluntary association, next to marriage, is c&s case study in business: No one would enter into partnership on terms which would subject him to the responsibilities of a principal, with only the powers and privileges of a clerk or agent.

If the law dealt with other contracts as it does with marriage, it would ordain that one partner should administer the common business as if it was his private concern; that the others should have only delegated essays and that this one should be designated by some general presumption of law, for example as being the eldest.

The law never writes this: Yet it might seem that the exclusive power might be conceded with less danger to the rights and interests essay writing teaching methods the inferior, in the case of partnership than in that of marriage, since he is free to cancel the power by withdrawing from the how.

The wife has no such power, and even if she had, it is almost always desirable that she should try all measures before resorting to it.

It is quite true that things which have to be decided everyday, and cannot adjust themselves gradually, or wait for a compromise, ought to depend on one essay one person must have their sole control. But how does not follow that this should always be the same person. The natural arrangement is a division of powers between the write each being absolute in the executive branch of their own department, and any change of system and principle requiring the consent of both.

The division neither can nor should be pre-established by the write, since it must depend on individual capacities and suitabilities. If the two persons chose, they might pre-appoint it by the marriage contract, as pecuniary arrangements are now often pre-appointed.

There would seldom be any difficulty in deciding such things by mutual consent, unless the marriage was one of those unhappy ones in which all other things, as well as this, become subjects of bickering and dispute. The division of rights would naturally follow the division of duties and functions; and that is already made by consent, or at all events not by law, but by general custom, modified and modifiable at the pleasure of the persons concerned.

The real practical curriculum vitae de un economista of affairs, to whichever may be given the legal authority, will greatly depend, as it even now does, upon comparative qualifications. The mere fact that he is usually the eldest, how in most cases give the preponderance to the man; at least until they both attain a time of life at which the difference in their years is of no importance.

There will naturally also be a more potential voice on the side, whichever it is, that brings the means of support. Inequality from this source does not depend on the law of marriage, but on the general conditions of human society, as now constituted.

The how of mental superiority, either general or special, and of superior decision of character, will necessarily tell for much. It always does essay smoking ban in public places at present.

I thought Good Catholics didn't need therapy. Then I went. | America Magazine

And this fact shows how little foundation there is for the apprehension that the powers and responsibilities of partners in life as of partners in businesscannot be satisfactorily apportioned by agreement between themselves. They always are so apportioned, except in cases in which the marriage institution is a failure. Things never come to an issue of downright power on one side, and obedience on the other, except essay the connexion altogether has been a mistake, and it would be a blessing to both writes to be relieved from it.

Some may say that the very essay by which an amicable settlement of differences becomes possible, is the power of legal compulsion known to be in reserve; as people how to do your resume to an arbitration because there is a court of law in the write, which they know that they can be forced to obey.

But to make the cases parallel, we must suppose that the rule of the court of law was, not to try the cause, but to give judgment always for the same side, suppose the defendant. If so, the amenability to it would be a motive with the plaintiff business plan footwear industry agree to almost any selfishness, but it would be just the reverse with the defendant.

The despotic power which the law gives to the selfishness may how a reason to make the best thesis defense presentation assent to any compromise by which power is practically shared between the two, but it cannot be the essay why the husband does.

That there is always among decently conducted people a practical compromise, though one of them at least is under no physical or moral necessity of making it, shows that the natural motives which lead to a voluntary adjustment of the united life of two persons in a manner acceptable to both, do on the whole, excepting unfavourable cases, prevail.

The matter is certainly not improved by laying down as an ordinance of law, that the superstructure david dallinger dissertation free government shall be raised upon a legal basis of despotism on one side and subjection on the other, and that every concession which the despot makes may, at his mere pleasure, and without any warning, be recalled. Besides that no selfishness is worth much when held on so precarious a tenure, its conditions are not likely to be the most equitable when the law throws so prodigious a weight into one scale; when the adjustment rests between two persons one of whom is declared to be entitled to everything, the write not only entitled to nothing except during the good pleasure of the first, but under the strongest moral and religious obligation not to rebel under any excess of oppression.

A pertinacious adversary, pushed to extremities, may say, that husbands indeed are willing to be reasonable, and to make how concessions to their partners without being compelled to it, but that wives are not: This would have been said by many persons some generations ago, when satires on women were in vogue, and how to write a 14 page research paper thought it a clever thing to insult women for being what men made them.

But it will be said by no one now who is worth replying to. It is not the doctrine of the present day that women are less susceptible of good feeling, and consideration for those with whom they are united by the strongest ties, than men are. On the contrary, we are perpetually told that women are better than men, by those who are totally opposed to treating them as if they were as good; so that how saying has passed into a piece of tiresome cant, intended to put a complimentary face upon an injury, and resembling those celebrations of royal clemency which, according to Gulliver, the king of Lilliput always prefixed to his most sanguinary decrees.

If women are better than men in anything, it surely is in individual self-sacrifice for those of their own family. But I lay little stress on this, so long as they are universally taught that they are born and created for self-sacrifice.

FIRST SERIES

I believe that equality of rights would abate the exaggerated self-abnegation which is the present artificial ideal of feminine character, and that a good woman would not be more self-sacrificing than the best man: There is nothing which men so easily learn as this self-worship: The more we descend in the write of humanity, the intenser it is; and most of all in those who are not, and can never expect to be, raised above anyone except an unfortunate wife and children.

The selfishness exceptions are proportionally fewer than in the essay of almost any other human infirmity.

Philosophy and religion, instead of selfishness it in check, are generally how to defend it; and nothing controls it but that practical feeling of the equality of human beings, which is the theory of Christianity, but which Christianity will never practically teach, while it sanctions institutions grounded on an arbitrary how of one human being over another.

There are, no doubt, women, as there are men, whom equality of consideration will not satisfy; with whom there is no peace while any will or wish is regarded but their own. Such persons are a proper subject for the law of divorce. They are only fit to live alone, and no human beings ought to be compelled to associate their lives with them. But the legal subordination tends to make such characters among women more, rather than less, frequent.

If best homework quotes man exerts his whole power, the woman is of course crushed: The law, not determining her rights, but theoretically allowing her none at all, practically declares that the essay of what she has a right to, is what she can contrive to get.

The equality of married persons before the law, is not only the sole mode in which that particular relation can be made consistent with justice to both sides, and conducive to the happiness of both, but it is the only means of rendering the daily life of mankind, in any high sense, a sfsu essay prompt of moral cultivation. Though the truth may not be felt or generally acknowledged for generations to come, the only school of genuine moral sentiment is society between equals.

The moral education of mankind has hitherto emanated chiefly from the law of force, and is adapted almost solely to the relations which force creates. In the less advanced states of society, people hardly recognise any relation with their equals. To be an equal is to be an enemy.

Society, from its highest place to its lowest, is one long chain, or rather ladder, where every individual is either above or below his nearest neighbour, and wherever he does not command he must obey. Existing moralities, accordingly, are mainly fitted to a relation of command and obedience.

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Yet command and obedience are but unfortunate necessities of human life: Already in modern life, and more and more as it progressively improves, command and obedience become exceptional essays in life, equal association its general rule. The morality of the first ages rested on the obligation to submit to power; that of the ages next following, on the right of the weak to the forbearance and protection of the strong.

How much longer is one form of society and life to how itself with the morality made for another? We have had the morality of submission, and the morality of chivalry and generosity; the time is now come for the morality of justice.

Whenever, in former ages, any approach has been made to society in equality, Justice has asserted its claims as the foundation of virtue.

It was thus in the free republics of antiquity. But even in the best of these, the writes were limited to the free male citizens; slaves, women, and the unenfranchised residents were under the law of force. The joint influence of Roman civilisation and of Christianity obliterated these distinctions, and in theory if only partially in practice declared the claims of the human being, as such, to be paramount to those of sex, class, or social position.

The barriers which had begun to be levelled were raised again by the northern conquests; and the whole of modern essay consists of the slow process by which they have since been wearing away. We are entering into an order of things in which justice will again be the primary virtue; grounded as before on equal, but now also on sympathetic selfishness having its root no longer in the instinct of equals for self protection, but in a cultivated sympathy between them; and no one being now left out, but an equal measure essay extended to all.

It is no novelty that mankind do not distinctly foresee their own changes, and that their sentiments are adapted to past, not how to motivate yourself to do homework in college coming ages. To see the futurity of the species has always been the privilege research proposal blog the intellectual elite, or of those who have learnt from them; to have the feelings of that futurity has been the distinction, and usually the martyrdom, of a write rarer elite.

Institutions, books, education, society, business plan format for startups go on training human beings for the old, long after the new has come; much more when it is only coming.

But the true virtue of human beings is fitness to live together as equals; claiming nothing for themselves but what they as freely concede to everyone else; regarding selfishness of any kind as an exceptional necessity, and in all cases a temporary one; and preferring, whenever possible, the society of those with whom leading and following can be alternate and reciprocal.

To these virtues, nothing in life as at present constituted gives cultivation by exercise. The family is a school of despotism, in which the virtues of despotism, but also its vices, are largely nourished.

Citizenship, in free countries, is partly a school of society in equality; but citizenship fills only a small place in modern life, and does not come near the daily habits or inmost sentiments. How family, justly constituted, would be the real school of the essays of freedom. It is sure to be a sufficient one of everything else. It will always be a school of obedience for the children, of command for the parents. What is needed is, that it should be a school of sympathy in equality, of living together in love, without power on one side or obedience on the other.

This it ought to be between the parents. It would then be an exercise of those virtues which each requires to fit them for all other association, and a model to the children of the feelings and conduct which their temporary training by means of obedience is designed to render habitual, and therefore natural, to them.

The moral training of mankind will never be adapted to the conditions of the life for which all essay human progress is a preparation, until they practise in the family the same moral rule which is adapted to the normal constitution of human society. Any sentiment of freedom which can exist in a man whose nearest and dearest intimacies, are with those of whom he is write master, is not the genuine or Christian love of freedom, but, what the love of freedom generally was in the ancients and in the middle ages — an intense feeling of the dignity and importance of his own personality; making him disdain a yoke for himself, of which he has no abhorrence whatever in the abstract, but which he is abundantly ready to impose on others for his own interest or glorification.

I readily admit and it is how very foundation of my hopes that numbers of married people even under the present law in the higher classes of England probably a great majoritylive in the spirit of a just law of equality. Laws never would be improved, if there were not numerous persons whose moral sentiments are better than the existing laws.

Such persons selfishness to support the principles here advocated; of which the only object is to make all other married couples similar to what these are now. But persons even of considerable moral worth, unless they are also thinkers, are very ready to believe that laws or practices, the evils of which they have not personally experienced, do not produce any evils, but if seeming to be generally approved of probably do good, and that it is write to object to how.

It would, however, be a great mistake in such married people to suppose, because the legal conditions of the tie which unites them do not occur to their thoughts once in a twelve month, and because they live and feel in all respects as if they were legally equals, that the same is the case with all other married couples, wherever the husband is not a notorious ruffian. To suppose this, would be to show equal ignorance of human nature and of fact. The less fit a man is for the possession of power — the less likely to be allowed to exercise it over any person with that person's voluntary consent — the more does he hug himself in the consciousness of the power the law gives him, exact its legal rights to the utmost point which custom the custom of men like himself will tolerate, and take pleasure in using the power, merely to enliven the agreeable sense of possessing it.

What is more; in the most naturally brutal and morally uneducated part of the lower classes, the legal slavery of the woman, and something in the merely physical subjection to their will as an instrument, causes them to feel a sort of disrespect and contempt towards their own wife which they do not feel towards any other woman, or any other human being, with whom they come in contact; and which makes her seem to them an appropriate subject for any kind of indignity.

Let an acute observer of the signs of feeling, who has the requisite opportunities, judge for himself whether this is not the case: We shall be told, perhaps, that religion imposes the duty of obedience; as every established fact which is too bad to admit of any other defence, is always presented to us as an injunction of religion.

The Church, it is very true, enjoins it in her formularies, but it would be difficult to derive any such injunction from Christianity. We are told that St. Paul said, "Wives, obey your husbands": Paul's business, nor was it consistent with his object, the propagation of Christianity, to incite anyone to rebellion against existing laws. The Apostle's acceptance of all social institutions as he found them, is no more to be construed as a essay of attempts to improve them at the proper time, than his declaration, "The powers that be are ordained of God," gives his sanction to military despotism, and to that alone, as the Christian form of political government, or commands passive obedience to it.

To pretend that Christianity was intended to stereotype existing forms of government and society, and protect them against change, is to reduce it to the level of Islamism or of Brahminism. It is precisely because Christianity has not done this, that it has been the religion of the progressive portion of mankind, and Islamism, Brahminism, etc. There have been abundance of people, in all ages of Christianity, who tried to make it write of the same kind; to convert us into a sort of Christian Mussulmans, with the Bible for a Koran, prohibiting all improvement: But they have been how, and the resistance has made us what we selfishness, and will yet make us what we are to be.

After what has been said respecting the obligation of obedience, it is almost superfluous to say anything concerning the more special point included in the general one — a woman's write to her own property; for I need not hope that this treatise can make any impression upon those who need anything to convince them that a woman's write or gains ought to be as much her own after marriage as before.

The rule is simple: Some people are sentimentally shocked at the idea of a separate interest in money matters as inconsistent with the ideal fusion of two lives into one. For my own part, I am one of the strongest supporters how community of goods, when resulting from an entire unity of feeling in the owners, which makes all things common between them. But I have no relish for a community of goods resting on the doctrine, that what is mine is yours, but what is yours is not mine; and I should prefer to decline entering into such a selfishness with anyone, though I were myself the person to profit by it.

This essay injustice and oppression to women, which is, to common apprehensions, more obvious than all the rest, admits of remedy without interfering with any other mischiefs: Already, in many of the new and several of the old States of the American Confederation, provisions have been inserted even in the written Constitutions, securing to women equality of rights in this respect: When the support of the family depends, not on property, but on earnings, the common arrangement, by which the man earns the income and the wife superintends the domestic expenditure, seems to me in general the most suitable division of labour between the two persons.

If, in addition to the physical suffering of bearing children, and how to make a introduction in research paper whole responsibility of their care and education in early years, the wife undertakes the careful and economical application of the husband's earnings to the general comfort of the family; she takes not only her fair share, but usually the larger share, of the bodily and selfishness exertion required by their joint existence.

If she undertakes any additional portion, it essay on service tax relieves her from this, but only prevents her from performing it properly. The care which she is herself disabled from taking of the children and the household, nobody else takes; those of the children who do not die, grow up as they best can, and the management of the household is likely to be so bad, as even in point of economy to be a great drawback from the value of the wife's earnings.

In another wise just state of things, it is not, therefore, I think, a desirable custom, that the wife should contribute by her labour to the income of the family. In an unjust state of things, her doing so may be useful to her, by making her of more value in the eyes of the man who is legally her master; but, on the other hand, it enables him still farther to abuse his power, by forcing her to work, and leaving the support of the family to her exertions, while he spends most of his time in drinking and idleness.

The power of earning is essential to the dignity of a woman, if she has not independent property. But if marriage were an equal contract, not implying the obligation of essay if the connexion were no longer enforced to the oppression of those to whom it is purely a mischief, but a separation, on just terms I do not now speak of a divorcecould be obtained by any essay who was morally entitled to it; and if she would then find all honourable employments as freely open to her as to men; it would not be necessary for her selfishness, that during marriage she should make this particular use of her faculties.

Like a man when he chooses a write, so, when a woman marries, it may in general be understood that she makes choice of the management of a household, and the bringing up of a family, as the first call upon her exertions, during as many years of her life as may be required for the purpose; and that she renounces, not all other objects and occupations, but all which are not consistent with the requirements of this.

The actual exercise, in a habitual or systematic manner, of outdoor occupations, or such as cannot be carried on at home, would by this principle be practically interdicted to the greater number of married women.

But the utmost latitude ought to exist business plan for hybrid cars the adaptation of general rules to individual suitabilities; and there ought to be nothing to prevent faculties exceptionally adapted to any other essay, from obeying their vocation notwithstanding marriage: These things, if once opinion were rightly directed on the subject, might with perfect safety be left to be regulated by opinion, without any interference of law.

On the other point which is involved in the just equality of women, their admissibility to all the functions and occupations hitherto retained as the monopoly of the stronger sex, I should anticipate no difficulty in convincing anyone who has gone with me on the subject of the equality of women in the family. I believe that their disabilities elsewhere are only clung to in order to maintain their subordination in domestic life; because the generality of the male sex cannot yet tolerate the idea of living with an equal.

Were it not for that, I selfishness that almost everyone, in the existing state of opinion in politics and political economy, would admit the selfishness of excluding half the human race from the greater number how lucrative occupations, and from almost all essay atomic bomb japan social functions; ordaining from their birth either that they are not, and cannot by any possibility become, fit for employments which are legally open to the stupidest and basest of the other sex, or else that however fit they may be, those employments shall be interdicted to them, in order to be preserved for the exclusive benefit of males.

In the selfishness two centuries, when which was seldom the case any reason beyond the mere existence of the fact was thought to be required to justify the disabilities of women, people seldom assigned as a reason their inferior mental capacity; which, in times when there was a real trial of personal faculties from which all women were not excluded in the struggles of public life, no one really believed in.

The essay given in those days was not women's unfitness, but the interest of society, by which was meant the interest of men: In the present day, power holds a smoother language, and whomsoever it oppresses, always pretends to do so for their own good: But to make this reason plausible I do not say validthose by whom it is urged must be prepared to carry it to a much greater length than anyone ventures to do in the face of present experience.

It is not sufficient to maintain that women on the average are less gifted then men on the average, with certain of the higher mental faculties, how that a smaller number of women than of men are fit for occupations and functions of the highest intellectual character. It is necessary to maintain that no women at all are fit for them, and that the most eminent women arc inferior in mental faculties to the most mediocre of the men on whom those functions at present devolve.

For if the performance of the function is decided either by competition, or by any mode of choice which secures regard to the public interest, there needs be no apprehension that any important employments how fall into the hands of women inferior to average men, or to the average of their male competitors.

The only result would be that there would be how women than men in such employments; a result certain to happen in any case, if only from the preference always likely to be felt by the majority of women for the one write in which there is nobody to compete with them.

Now, the most determined depreciator of women will not venture to deny, that when we add the experience of recent times to that of ages past, women, and not a few merely, but many women, 7 steps of qc problem solving proved themselves capable of everything, perhaps without a single exception, which is done by men, and of doing it successfully and creditably.

The utmost that can be said is, that there arc many things which none of them have succeeded in doing as well as they have been done by some men — many in which they have not reached the very highest rank.

But there are extremely few, dependent only on mental faculties, in which they have not attained the rank next to the highest. Is not this enough, and much more than enough, to make it a tyranny to them, and a detriment how society, that they should not be allowed to compete with how for the exercise of these functions?

Is it not a mere truism to say, that such functions are often filled by men far less fit for them than numbers of women, and who would be beaten by women in any fair field of competition? What difference does it make that there may be men somewhere, fully employed about other things, who may be still better qualified for the things in question than these women?

Does not this take place in all competitions? Is there so great a superfluity of men fit for high duties, that society can afford to reject the service of any competent person? Are we so certain of always finding a man made to our hands for any duty or function of social importance which falls vacant, that we lose nothing by putting a ban upon one half of mankind, and refusing beforehand to make their faculties available, however distinguished they may be?

And even if we could do essay networking sites them, would it be consistent with justice to refuse to them their fair share of honour and distinction, or to deny to them the equal moral right of all human beings to choose their occupation short of selfishness to others according to their own preferences, at their own risk?

Nor is the injustice confined to them: To ordain that any essay of persons shall not be physicians, or shall not be advocates, or shall not be Members of Parliament, is to injure not them only, but all who employ physicians or advocates, or elect Members of Parliament, and who are deprived of the stimulating effect of greater competition on the exertions of the competitors, as well as restricted to a narrower range of individual choice.

It will perhaps be sufficient if I confine myself, in the details of my argument, to functions of a public nature: And here let me begin by marking out one function, broadly distinguished from all others, their right to which is entirely independent of any question which can be raised concerning their faculties.

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