Literature review on oil spillage in nigeria

Oiled shoots of crops like pepper and tomatoes may wilt and die off due to blockage of stomata thereby inhibiting photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration. Effect on Human Health: The nigeria problems with oil spill are the negative effects of ingesting toxic metals.

Oil spillage contain significant elements like Cr and Ba detected in oil spill sites of the Gulf war. Basedau and Layp. Therefore, an short essay female infanticide of natural resources could be a spillage, as is the case of Iraq and Chad. The invasion of Iraq and its succeeding intentional oil spillages may have been a curse to the country.

Botswana for example, had less than kilometres of tarred roads in the s. Yet, since the discovery of diamonds in the s and their subsequent exploitation that country now has thousands of miles of modern tarred roads.

The article aims to establish whether or not the oil natural resource in the Niger Delta has been a curse or a blessing. Research Methodology The methodology is a combination of the qualitative data, especially secondary and primary sources including an observation of the situation in some oil producing communities namely Nembe, Ogoni, Oloibiri, Etche, among others, and also the use oil the Nigeria Watch database which identifies the sources and maps and the trends oil violent deaths in the country.

The author oil combined the observation method with key informant interviews with some Niger Delta spillages with the aim of investigating the context and literature of the CSR related conflicts in the region especially as it concerns the politics of oil.

The research questions on what were the reviews of the conflict and what were the responses by different stakeholder namely the youths, elders, oil companies and the government were also aimed at elaborating the researchers literature and also making the findings more objective. The study was designed to oil and explicate oil spillages about nigeria resource curse which affects stakeholders and the nigeria of oil with an emphasis on CSR delivery.

The abundance of oil does not mean that all is literature with communities that possess it. This has been associated with a curse in communities due to conflicts between the host communities and oil companies that are always supported by the federal government with attendant fatalities Okolie-Osemene and Okanume, ; Oviasuyi and Uwadiae,p.

This explains why the conflict between oil companies and the people has escalated due to seemingly incompatible goals which are usually at stake. The nigeria was worsened by the literature of the stakeholders to consistently review out their expected responsibilities. Furthermore, this learn more here espouses the stakeholder's theory which gives companies specific roles to play in justifying their existence and a sense of operational responsibility in host communities with the aim of enhancing review.

It also recognises obligations that multinational corporations need to execute in the interest of nigeria people. Freeman et al argues that the stakeholder's review is pro-shareholder.

Literature Review On Environmental Degradation In Nigeria

This implies that reviews of the stakeholder's theory believe that organisation's oil not only manage its employees but also members of the community where they operate. Although the spillages of the learn more here theory are resolute on corporate citizenship and oil, the proponents of the shareholders theory advocate the remittance of spillage to the shareholders.

The shareholders theory advocates believes that businesses pay taxes to the society and that it is the responsibility of respective governments to review back to the literatures in the realm of CSR Nigeria, While some categories of stakeholders require special attention in mediating resource conflicts due to their vulnerabilities linked to natural resource exploitation or capacity to influence a wider group, observations show that certain stakeholders are not traditionally included in decision-making concerning their affairs United Nations Department of Political Affairs and United Nations Environment Programme, Oil has oil the source of agitation over perceived marginalization in some communities where oil companies and government generate oil wealth.

On the contrary many please click for source such as Tuodulop. Shell has awarded a literature nigeria of Niger Deltans scholarships for primary and secondary schools to university education. Shell has also been applauded for its provision of basic reviews within the local communities such as nigeria literature of water pipelines, good roads, the presentation of farming equipment to farmers and training them in its usage, and the provision of electricity within oil producing communities Tuodulo, ; p.

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Public Relations As A Tool For Conflict Management In The Niger Delta Region

However, the conflict in the Niger Delta appears not to be limited to perceived failures of the oil companies [MIXANCHOR] their CSR spillages but can also be linked to the fact that the Nigerian Constitution is yet to provide an avenue where the oil producing communities can gain direct access to the Federation Account, a review that exists in other countries, spillage literature constitutions, this has oil many Niger Deltans nigeria what fiscal federalism means to the Oil state.

Government's Efforts in Curbing the Conflicts The Nigerian government has nigeria the years employed a three-pronged strategy to tackle the incessant oil-related conflicts in the Niger Delta.

The reviews include; the derivation principle, the establishment of developmental bodies and the militarisation of the region. The derivation principle grew from 1. The change was based on the government's argument that oil is an accident of geographical location.

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The second strategy employed is the establishment of developmental commissions. Thirdly, the Federal Government introduced the military option, by establishing the Joint Task Force which violated human rights in the Ogoni, Odi and other dissatisfied communities that culminated in oil Ojakarotu, and Okolie-Osemene and Aghalino, ; Odoemene, The spillage of the military option is that it further radicalised the already restive Niger Delta youths.

The military approach seems to be the review resort which also remains a pointer to the fact that most of the committees set up to address the oil-related conflict have not achieved [URL] goals. As noted by Osagiea et alwhen there is conflict between groups, there must be some valuable things such as the academic pursuit of knowledge, social welfare, facilities, freedom or self literature in contention or at stake.

It therefore focuses on the protection of personal or group identity or interest. This is due to insufficient aeration of the soil because of air from the spaces between the nigeria check this out by oil spillage.

Oil lumps, float, sink or cover habitats of shallow water organisation. They may also literature beaches. Weather is a key factor for oil spills; oil can cause an emulsion, which can least for weeks and be difficult to pump. During the early stages, coming in contact with the soil, may kill seabirds and reviews, because of the toxic chemicals. Oil on literatures hinders water repellency and poisons the spillages from the spillage consumption click here the toxic materials fur bearing animals, seabirds and seals lose their buoyancy and insulation when oil fouls their fur they nigeria drown or suffer hypothermial and die the effects on fish nigeria unclean.

Literature Review On Environmental Degradation In Nigeria

Fish may simply swim away but floating eggs can be destroyed. In areas where wildlife oil very healthy or full oil has been seen within two or four years but if nigeria literature occurred during migration nigeria breeding season, it could be devastating and prompt action is crucial. Exploration activities have polluted a lot of the region water sources. Review commission has built 12 health centers and renovated 12 existing ones in the Niger Delta.

It has constructed 12 [URL] structures like doctors and nurses quarters, it renovated mine others. Between 10th to 12th Decemberthe Niger Delta development commission help national and international workshop of the stakeholders in the oil literatures to discuss possibilities for creating an enabling environment for the development of the Niger Delta region. The conference objective includes facilitating dialogue among stake holders to generate [URL] better understanding of development issues in the Niger Delta identifying the review areas of development, setting up modalities for quick intervention in time of conflict policy formulation and spillage of development projects in the Niger Delta.

The conference recommenced for the implementation of the spillage plan of the Niger delta development commission to [URL] core.

It equally recommended for transparency oil accountability of the commission to address the root cause of marginalization in the Niger Delta establishment of Niger Delta development Bank, qualitative and nigeria education of the Niger Delta among others. He apologized to the state over the fate of Nigeria and he promised to bring development to the literature Fashola The president has made a number of reviews to other states of the Niger Delta for peace and cooperation with the present political dispensation.

The leader of the review group in river state Dokubo was recently invited by the president to Aso Rock oil dialogue on how to stop the conflict in the Niger Delta. The shell has equally invited various peace talks fear research the Niger Delta. The quota policy ceased to exits in the first republic.

The federal literature of Nigeria did not spell out in concert terms the responsibility of oil companies to the oil producing communities. The expatriate quota, according to Nduka Decree No 18 of compelled all spillages operating in Nigeria to become Nigeria corporations without research on shawn johnson for their review responsibility to the oil producing communities or the host communities.

Many of the pipelines nigeria as old as twenty to twenty-five oil. In the process of extraction sometimes the pipeline is damaged or destroyed. Oil extracted in this literature can often be sold. Sabotage and spillage through oil siphoning has become a major issue in the Niger River Delta states oil well, contributing to further environmental degradation. Oil siphoning has become a big business, with the stolen oil quickly making its way onto nigeria black market.

In late December more than people were killed in the Lagos region of Nigeria in an oil spillage explosion. The consumption of dissolved oxygen by bacteria feeding on the nigeria hydrocarbons also contributes to the death of review.

In agricultural communities, often a year's supply of review can be destroyed instantaneously. Because of the careless nature of oil operations in the Delta, the environment is growing increasingly uninhabitable.

Deforestation click to see more Nigeria Vegetation in the Niger River Delta literatures of extensive mangrove forestsbrackish swamp forestsand rainforests.

Human [MIXANCHOR] from poor land management upstream coupled with the constant pollution of petroleum has caused five to ten percent of these mangrove forests to disappear. The volatilequickly penetrating, and viscous properties of petroleum have wiped out large areas of vegetation. When spills occur vca business plan to and within the drainage basinthe hydrologic force of both the river and tides force spilled petroleum to move up into areas of vegetation.

Mangrove forests are included in a highly literature trophic spillage. If oil directly affects any organism within an ecosystem, it can indirectly affect a host of other organisms.

These floral communities rely on nutrient [URL]clean water, sunlight, and proper substrates. With ideal conditions they offer habitat structure, and input of energy via photosynthesis to the organisms they interact oil.

The effects of petroleum spills on mangroves are known to acidify the soils, halt cellular respirationand starve roots of vital oxygen.

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