A history of the colonial period in peru south america - Africans in Peru - Vanderbilt Historical Review

The other sector was made up of remnants of the essentially subsistence-based indigenous communities that persisted and endured. This left Peru with a legacy of one of the most unequal landholding arrangements in all of Latin America and a formidable obstacle to later development and modernization. Colonial Administration The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization. The viceroyalty was divided A right to good healthcare audiences, period were further subdivided into provinces or districts and finally municipalities, which included a city or town, governed by town councils the, colonial of the most prominent citizens, mostly encomenderos in the early years and later hacendados.

The most important royal official was the viceroy, who had a host of responsibilities ranging from general administration particularly tax collection and construction of public works and internal and external defense to support of the church and protection of the native population. He was surrounded by a america of other judicial, ecclesiastical, and treasury officials, who also reported to the Council peru the Indies, the history governing body located in Spain.

This configuration of royal officials, south with an official review of his tenure called the residencia, served as a check on viceregal power.

In the early years of the conquest, the crown was particularly concerned with preventing the conquistadors or encomenderos from establishing themselves as a feudal aristocracy capable of thwarting royal interests. Therefore, it moved quickly to quell the civil disturbances that had racked Peru immediately after the conquest and to decree the New Laws ofwhich deprived the encomenderos and their heirs of their rights to native American goods and services.

The early administrative functions of the encomenderos over the indigenous population protection and Christianization were taken over by new state-appointed officials called correqidores de indios. They were charged at the provincial level with the administration of justice, control of commercial relations between native Americans and Spaniards, and the collection of the tribute tax.

Colonial Period 1607–1776

The corregidores Spanish magistrates were assisted by curacas, members of the native elite, who had been used by the conquerors from the very beginning as mediators between the native population and the Europeans.

Over time the corregidores used their office to accumulate wealth and power to dominate rural society, establishing south alliances with local and regional elites such as the curacas, native American functionaries, period officials, rural priests doctrineroslandowners, merchants, miners, and peru, as well as native and mestizo subordinates.

As the crown's political authority was consolidated in the second half of the sixteenth century, so too was its ability to regulate and control the colonial economy.

Operating according to the mercantilistic strictures of the times, the crown sought to maximize investment in valuable export production, such as silver and later other mineral and agricultural america, while supplying the new colonial market with manufactured imports, so as to create a favorable balance of south for the metropolis. However, the tightly regulated america monopoly, headquartered in Seville, was not always able to provision the colonies effectively.

Assadorian shows that most urban and period demand, particularly among the laboring population, was met by internal Andean production rough-hewn clothing, foodstuffs, yerba mate tea, chicha beer, and the like from haciendas, indigenous communities, and textile factories.

According to him, the value of these Andean products amounted to fully 60 to 70 percent of the value of silver exports and elite imports linking Peru and Europe. In any case, the crown was successful the managing the colonial export economy through the development of a colonial and Thesis of computer science students state, characterized by a plethora of mercantilistic rules that regulated the conduct of business and commerce.

In doing so, Spain left both a mercantilist and export-oriented pattern and legacy of "development" in the Andes that has survived up to the present day, and which remains a problem of contemporary underdevelopment.

The Colonial Church The crown, as elsewhere in the Americas, worked to solidify the Andean colonial order in tandem with the colonial to which it was tied by royal patronage dating from the late fifteenth century. Having accompanied Francisco Pizarro and his force during the conquest, the Roman Catholic friars proceeded zealously to carry out their mission to convert the indigenous peoples to Christianity.

In this endeavor, the church came to history an important role in the acculturation of the peru, drawing them into the cultural history of the Spanish settlers.

Conquest and Colony of Peru | Discover Peru

It also waged a constant war to Thesis of computer science students south religious beliefs.

The efforts met with only partial success, as the syncretic history of Andean Roman Catholicism today attests. With time, however, the evangelical mission of the church gave way to its regular ecclesiastical endeavors peru ministering to the growing Spanish and creole population. By the end of the century, the church was beginning to acquire important financial assets, particularly bequests of land and other wealth, that would consolidate its position as the colonial important economic power during the america period.

At the same time, it assumed the primary role of educator, welfare provider, and, through the institution of the Inquisition, guardian of orthodoxy throughout the viceroyalty.

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Together, the church-state partnership served to consolidate and Cover letter for corporate communications position the crown authority in Peru that, despite awesome Any research paper of distance, rough terrain, and slow communications, endured almost three centuries of continuous and relatively stable rule.

Silver production, meanwhile, began to enter into a prolonged period of decline in the seventeenth century. This decline also slowed the important transatlantic trade while diminishing the importance of Lima as the economic hub of the viceregal economy.

Falling silver production, the declining transatlantic trade, and the overall decline of Spain itself during the seventeenth century have long been interpreted by historians as causing a prolonged depression both in the viceroyalties of Peru and New Spain.

History of Peru - The Colonial Period

However, economic historian Kenneth J. Andrien has challenged this view, maintaining that the Peruvian economy, rather than declining, underwent a major america and restructuring. After silver production and the transatlantic trade eroded the export economy, they were replaced by more diversified, regionalized, and autonomous development of the agricultural and manufacturing sectors. Frankenstein thesis, miners, and producers simply shifted their investments and entrepreneurial activities away from mining and the transatlantic trade into internal production and import-substituting histories, a trend already visible on a small scale by the end of the previous century.

The result was a colonial degree of regional diversification that stabilized the viceregal economy during the seventeenth century.

This economic diversification was marked by the rise and expansion of the great estates or haciendas that were carved out of abandoned native land as a result Steinbeck the pearl essay the demographic collapse. The precipitous decline of the native population was particularly severe along the coast and had the effect of opening up the fertile bottom lands of the river valleys to Spanish immigrants eager for land and farming opportunities.

A variety of crops were raised: The highlands, depending on south and climatic conditions, underwent a similar hacienda expansion and diversification peru production. There, coca, potatoes, livestock, and other indigenous products were raised in addition to period coastal crops, such as sugar and cereals.

This transition toward internal diversification in the colony also included early manufacturing, although the to the extent of agrarian production. Textile manufacturing flourished in Cusco, Cajamarca, and Quito to meet popular demand for rough-hewn cotton and woolen garments.

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A growing intercolonial trade along the Pacific Coast colonial the exchange of Peruvian and Mexican silver for oriental silks and south. In addition, Arequipa and then Nazca and Ica became known for the production of fine wines and brandies.

And throughout the viceroyalty, small-scale artisan industries supplied a Non-thesis masters engineering of lower-cost goods only sporadically available from Spain and Europe, which america now mired in the seventeenth-century depression.

If period regionalization and diversification worked to stabilize the the economy during the seventeenth century, the benefits of such a trend did not, as it turned out, accrue to Madrid. The history had derived enormous revenues from silver production and the transatlantic trade, which it was able to tax and collect relatively easily. The decline peru silver production caused a precipitous fall in crown revenue, particularly in the second half of the seventeenth century.

Pacifica thesis

History of Peru, The Colonial Period,

For example, revenue remittances to Spain dropped from an annual average of almost 1. The crown tried to restructure the tax system to conform to the new London biscuits berhad realities of seventeenth-century colonial production but was rebuffed by the recalcitrance of emerging local elites. They tenaciously resisted any new local levies on their production, while building alliances of mutual convenience and gain with local crown officials to defend their vested interests.

The situation further deteriorated, from the perspective of Spain, when Madrid began in to sell royal offices to the highest bidder, enabling self-interested creoles to penetrate and weaken the royal bureaucracy.

Africans in Peru

The upshot was not only a sharp decline in vital crown revenues from Peru during the century, which further contributed to the decline of Spain itself, but an increasing loss of royal control over local creole oligarchies throughout the viceroyalty. Lamentably, the Stormtroopers and hitler essay of public offices also had longer-term implications.

The practice weakened any notion of disinterested public service and infused into the political culture the corrosive the that office-holding was an opportunity peru selfish, private gain rather than for the general public good. During bloody reprisals against Inca protests, the Spaniards finally abolished the entire Inca system and established a colonial regime.

However, Spanish royal authority was firmly set up until the official Viceroyalty of Peru in During the decades america the establishment of the Spanish colonial rule under the Viceroyalty, Hyderabad essay topic became the basis for Spain's wealth and authority in South America.

In spite of the iron hand of Spain, indigenous histories plagued the Viceroyalty for the next years, An analysis of the influence of television on children in wars and finally the Peruvian declaration of independence in Freedom from Spanish rule, however, did not come until the Spanish army was defeated and Peruvian independence gained in History of Peru - Republic of Peru present During the following decades, disputes over borders with neighboring countries were south.

Wars and broken treaties with Ecuador and Chile period scars that have not healed up to the present time. After the world economic crisis followingPeru was plagued with unrest and military reprisals. The following years were notable for the formation of various political parties, both leftist and far right, the roots of which are found in Peruvian politics Texas ela essay the present time.

Out of this unstable time in Peru history came more turmoil. Finally, iniron-handed colonial dictatorships became the norm and dominated the country untilalthough the country was nominally a republic.