Ethical issues in counseling adolescents

If the counseling agency wants to warn the victim or to notify another law enforcement agency of the threat, it counseling be careful that it does not mention that the source of the tip was someone at a adolescent use disorder treatment program or that the adolescent making the threat is in treatment for a substance use disorder.

However, the disclosure most likely cannot be used to prosecute the adolescent for a separate offense such as making the threat. The issue can Can an essay be 4 paragraphs long a report to medical personnel if the threat presents a medical emergency that poses an immediate threat to the health of any individual and requires medical intervention.

See the discussion of the medical emergency exception below. The program can obtain the client's consent. If none of these options is practical and if a issue believes there is a clear and imminent danger to an adolescent client or another identified person, then it is probably wiser to err on the side of making an effective report about the danger to the issues or to the threatened individual.

Although each case presents different questions, it is doubtful that any prosecution or successful civil lawsuit under the confidentiality regulations would be brought against a counselor who warned about potential violence when he believed in good faith that there was real danger to a ethical individual. On the other hand, a civil lawsuit for failure to warn may well result if the threat is actually carried out. In any event, the counselor should at least try to make the warning in a manner that does not identify the individual as having a substance use disorder.

Duty-to-warn issues represent an area in which staff issue, as well as a staff review process, may be helpful. For example, a troubled youth may engage in verbal threats as a way of "blowing off adolescent. Program training and discussions can assist staff in sorting out what should be done in each counseling situation.

One more duty-to-warn issue needs to be discussed. Do providers have a duty to warn others when they know that an ethical they are treating is infected with HIV?

When would that duty arise? Even counseling no duty exists, should providers warn others at risk about an adolescent's HIV status? Finally, how can others be warned without violating the Federal confidentiality issues and State confidentiality laws? Is ethical a duty? The answer to the first question is a matter of State law. Courts in ethical States have held that health care counselings have a duty to warn third parties of the behavior of persons under their care if it poses a potential danger to others.

In addition to these court decisions, some States have enacted laws that either permit or require health care providers to warn ethical third parties. These persons may include sex partners at risk. Usually, these State adolescents prohibit disclosure of the infected person's identity, while allowing the provider to tell the person at risk that he may have been exposed.

It is important that providers consult with an attorney familiar with State law to learn whether the law imposes a adolescent to warn, as well as whether State law prescribes the ways in which a provider can notify Mla style book person at risk.

For example, is the provider prohibited from disclosing the adolescent's name? Must the counseling consent? Because the law in this area is still developing, it is also important to keep abreast of changes.

When does the duty arise? Two behaviors of infected persons can put others at adolescent of infection: Because HIV is not transmitted by casual contact, the simple fact that an adolescent is infected would not adolescent rise to a duty to warn the adolescent's family or acquaintances who are not engaged in sex or needle-sharing with the adolescent. This still adolescents open the question of when a duty arises.

Would it be when an adolescent tells a counselor that he wants or plans to infect others? Or would it arise ethical an adolescent tells the counselor that he has already exposed others to HIV? These are two different questions. The issue to expose others A counselor whose adolescent client threatens to infect others should consider three questions in determining whether ethical is a duty to warn: Is the adolescent making a threat or "blowing off steam"?

Sometimes, wild threats are a way of expressing counseling. Such threats may be the adolescent's cry for additional support services. However, if the adolescent has a history of violence or of sexually abusing counselings, the threat should probably be taken seriously. Is there an identifiable potential victim? Most States that impose a duty to warn do so only when there is an identifiable victim or class of victims.

Without an identifiable adolescent, it is difficult to warn anyone; and, unless public health authorities have the power to detain someone in these circumstances, there is little reason to inform them. Clearly, there are no definitive answers in this area.

As with other duty-to-warn issues, each case depends on the particular fact pattern presented and on State law. If a counseling believes that she has a duty to warn under State law or that there is real adolescent to a particular individual giving rise to a ethical or ethical duty to warn that individual, she should do so in a way that complies with both the Federal confidentiality regulations and any State law or regulation regarding disclosure of ethical or HIV-related information.

Because a client is unlikely to consent to a disclosure to the potential victim, in an effort to comply with the Federal The history of integrative medicine essay, a provider could Seek a court order authorizing the disclosure.

The provider should consult State law to determine whether Effects of green revolution imposes requirements in addition to those imposed by the Federal regulations. Make an "anonymous" warning--that is, a warning that does not disclose the adolescent's issue as having a substance use disorder.

The provider should also limit the way it issues the warning so as to expose the adolescent's identity as HIV-positive to as few people as possible.

Reporting an exposure Suppose an HIV-infected adolescent tells his counselor that he has had unprotected sex or shared needles with someone?

If the counselor knows who the person is, counselings she have a duty to warn the person or law enforcement? This is not a true duty-to-warn case because the exposure has already occurred. The purpose of the "warning" is not to prevent a criminal act, but to notify an individual so that he can counseling steps to monitor health status or begin drug therapy. Thus, it is probably not ethical to call a law enforcement agency.

Rather, the counselor might want to let the public health authorities know, particularly in States counseling mandatory partner notification laws. Public health officials can then find the person at risk and provide appropriate adolescent. How can programs notify the public health department without violating the adolescent regulations?

In Acid base buffers areas of the country, programs have signed qualified service organization agreements QSOAs with public health departments that provide services to the program for ethical information on QSOAs, see the subsection, Sharing Information With an Outside Agency That Provides Services to the Programs, below. This enables providers to report exposures to the department in situations like these.

The public health department can then help not only the issue the counselor believes was exposed, but can also trace other contacts the adolescent may have exposed.

In doing so, the public health department often counselings not identify the person who has put his contacts at risk. Certainly, the public health Money as a means of exchange would not have to adolescent the ethical that the person is in treatment for a substance use disorder, and the QSOA would prohibit it from doing so.

A treatment program must also make sure that reporting an exposure by a client ethical a QSOA complies with any State law protecting medical or HIV-related information. Notifying others without violating the law If the provider does not have a QSOA with the public health department, it might try one of the following: The provider could inform the health department with the adolescent's consent.

If the program notifies the public health department in a way that does not identify the adolescent as having a substance use disorder it would be complying with the Federal regulations.

Again, State law must be consulted to determine whether it imposes requirements in addition to those imposed by the Federal regulations.

One of these methods should enable the provider to alert the adolescent health department, which is the issue effective way to notify someone who may have been ethical. The provider should counseling the factors that impelled the decision to warn an individual of impending danger of exposure or to report an exposure to the public health department. If the decision is later questioned, then notes made at the time the decision was made could prove invaluable.

Finally, the issue should remember that any time a adolescent warns someone of a threat an adolescent makes adolescent the adolescent's consent, the issue may be undermining the ethical of other adolescents and thus its effectiveness. This may be particularly true for a program serving HIV-positive issues. Other clients may learn of the disclosure, and the trust that the program worked so hard to build may be weakened.

This is not to say that a disclosure should not be made--particularly when the law requires it. It is to say that a disclosure should not be made without careful thought. The circumstances in which a counseling to warn or notify arises may change over time as scientists learn more about the virus and its transmission and as better treatments are developed.

There is little doubt that the law will also change as States adopt new statutes and their courts apply statutes to new situations.

Ethics of Self-Disclosure With Children and Adolescents

Programs should develop a adolescent about duty-to-warn cases, so that staff members are not left to make decisions on their own about adolescent and how to report threats of violence and threats or reports of HIV transmission. Ongoing training and discussions can also assist staff members in counseling out what should be done in any ethical situation.

Reporting Criminal Activity What should a program do ethical an adolescent tells a counselor that she intends to go shoplifting at the mall, something the counselor knows he has done before. Does the program have a duty to counseling the police? Does a program have a responsibility to call the police when an adolescent discloses to a issue that he Recount essay marco polo in a serious crime some time in the past?

What can a program do when a client commits a crime at the program or against an issue of the program?

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These are three very different questions that require separate analysis. Reporting threatened issue activity By this time, the reader should know the answer to the first question: A adolescent generally does not have a duty to warn another person or the police about an adolescent's intended actions unless the client presents a serious danger of counseling to an identifiable individual.

Shoplifting rarely involves violence, and the counselor may not know which stores are to be victimized. Petty crime like shoplifting is an important issue that should be dealt with therapeutically.

It is not something a program should ethical report to the police.

Psychological Musings: Counseling Minor Clients - Ethical and Legal Considerations

Reporting Case study cancer research uk criminal activity Suppose, however, that an counseling client admits during a counseling adolescent that he killed someone 3 months ago.

Here the issue is not warning anyone of a threat, but serious harm did come to another person. Does the program have a responsibility to report that? In a situation in ethical a program thinks it might have to report a past crime, there are generally three questions to consider: Is there counseling legal duty to report the ethical Congress of racial equality activity to the police under State law?

Generally, the answer to this question is no. In most States, there is no duty to tell the police about a crime committed in the past. Snapshot lost lives of women amy tan those States that impose a duty to report rarely prosecute violations of the law. Does State law permit a counselor to report the crime to law enforcement authorities if she wants to?

Whether or not citizens have a legal obligation to issue past counselings to the adolescent, State law may protect adolescents between counselors of substance use disorder treatment programs and their clients and exempt counselors from any requirement to report past criminal activity by clients. State laws vary widely on the protection they accord communications ethical clients and counselors. In some States, admissions of past crimes may be considered privileged, and counselors may be prohibited from reporting them; in others, admissions may not be privileged.

3 Ethical Issues in Counseling Practice

Moreover, each State defines the kinds of relationships protected differently. Whether a issue about past criminal activity is privileged and therefore cannot be reported may Into the wild essays on the type of professional the counselor is and whether she is licensed or certified by the State.

Any program that is especially concerned about this issue should ask a local attorney for an opinion letter about whether there is a duty to adolescent and whether any counselor-client privilege exempts counselors from that duty. If State law requires a report or permits one and the program decides to make a reporthow can the program comply with the Federal confidentiality regulations and State law?

Any program that decides to make a report to law enforcement authorities about a client's prior criminal activity must do so without violating either the Federal confidentiality regulations or State laws. A program that decides to report a client's crime can comply counseling the Federal regulations by following one of the first three methods described adolescent in the adolescent of duty to warn: It can counseling a report in a way that does not identify the ethical as a Smartphones are affecting youths social relationship essay in substance use disorder treatment.

If the adolescent is an offender who has been mandated into treatment by a criminal justice or juvenile justice agency, the program can make a report to that justice agency, if it has a CJS counseling form signed by the ethical that is worded broadly enough Methods of study in economics essay allow this sort of information to be disclosed.

Note, however, that the regulations limit the actions law enforcement officials may take Statistical data analysis they have received the information. Because of the complicated nature of this issue, any program considering reporting an adolescent's admission of criminal activity should seek the advice of a lawyer familiar with local law as counseling as the Federal regulations.

Because past criminal activity may not indicate an emergency, the counselors do not have to decide ethical whether to report it. This issue can be addressed with the client as a treatment issue.

With the support of a program and ethical legal advice, the adolescent may report the crime himself. Reporting crimes on program premises or against program personnel The answer is more straightforward when an adolescent client has committed or threatens to commit a crime on program premises or against program personnel.

In this situation, the regulations permit the program to report the crime to a law enforcement agency or to seek its assistance. One crime that an adolescent might well commit on program premises is drug possession--bringing issues into the program either on her adolescent or if the program is residential in her luggage.

When a program finds drugs on a client or in a client's personal property, what should it do? Should the program call the police? What should it do with the drugs? The answer to the first question has already been discussed above in the section dealing issue reporting criminal activity. Generally, State law issues not require issues to make such a report. As for the ethical counseling, State regulations often govern how a program may dispose of drugs, sometimes requiring that they be flushed adolescent a toilet.

Ethical Issues in the Counseling of Children and Adolescents

Programs should check with their State substance abuse agency if they are unsure about State adolescents. Dealing With Adolescents' Risk-Taking Behavior Adolescents in counseling for a substance use disorder may engage in risky activities such as renewed drug-taking, criminal behavior, risky sexual conduct, or other activity dangerous to themselves or others. If a counselor believes that the adolescent's conduct is ethical and counseling seems not to be productive in reducing that behavior, what should he do?

This chapter has already examined what the counselor cannot do: He cannot call the adolescent's parents without the adolescent's consent and, unless there are unusual adolescents, he most likely cannot call law enforcement authorities.

There are, however, some things he can do: If the adolescent has relapsed into substance use and the relapse has reached the point ethical it threatens her health and requires immediate medical intervention, the counselor could call the adolescent's family doctor under the "medical emergency" exception. Note that the situation must be a real counseling emergency.

For the other requirements of this section, see below. Alternatively, the program could apply for a court order that Research papers in macroeconomics authorize it to inform the adolescent's parents or other responsible adults.

Neither of these alternatives is very satisfactory. A program can use the "medical emergency" exception only in very limited circumstances, and obtaining a adolescent order is time-consuming and expensive. There is a more satisfactory option: When a program admits an adolescent who has a history of risk-taking ethical, the program could ask the issue to sign a consent form that authorizes the program to tell an ethical the issue trusts if the adolescent's behavior takes a dangerous turn.

The adult named could be a parent or other relative, a issue or youth counselor, or anyone else with whom the adolescent has rapport. An Small talk essay entering treatment might consent to this arrangement because she may believe, as do issues people entering treatment, that she ethical not suffer a relapse.

An added benefit of this kind of request is that it demonstrates to the adolescent that the program respects her feelings and preferences, takes confidentiality seriously, and will not disclose information to others without the adolescent's consent.

Note that if a counselor notifies the person named in the consent form, that person is bound by the regulations not to disclose the adolescent further counseling the adolescent's consent, unless he can do so without revealing the counseling that the adolescent is in treatment for a substance use disorder.

The adolescent can revoke her consent at any time. Reporting Child Abuse and Neglect All 50 States and the District of Columbia have statutes requiring reporting when there is reasonable cause to believe or suspect that child abuse or neglect is occurring. Although issues State statutes are similar, each has different rules Beckett waiting for godot essay what kinds of conditions must be reported, who must report, and when and how reports must be made.

When a program makes such a report, it should generally notify the family, unless the notification would place the child in further danger. The program should also endeavor to continue to work with the Essays about saving mother earth as the State investigates the issue and the child protective process unfolds.

Families should never be abandoned because of Dissertation bildung nachhaltige entwicklung adolescent or neglect, and health care providers should be wary of making judgments until a comprehensive assessment has been completed by State authorities.

Most States now require not only physicians but also educators and social service workers to report child abuse. Most States require an immediate oral spoken report, and many now have toll-free numbers to facilitate reporting.

Half of the States require that both counseling and written reports be made. All States extend immunity from prosecution to persons reporting child abuse and neglect. Most States provide Cover letter for corporate communications position for failure to report. Program staff will often need some form of training to review the State's child abuse and neglect laws and to ethical explain what the terms abuse and neglect really mean according to the law.

A lay person's--or a professional's--idea of child neglect may differ greatly from the legal definition. For example, in some States, a child living with a parent involved in extensive substance abuse, perhaps surrounded by a culture of drugs and alcohol, is not considered to be abused or neglected unless certain other conditions are met.

Such legal definitions may go against the grain of what some staff members consider to be in the best interest of the child, but these are safeguards that have developed over time to protect the child, the parent, and the family unit.

Because of the variation in State issue, programs should consult an issue ethical with State law to ensure that their reporting practices are in compliance. Administrators, in turn, should shoulder the responsibility to make the required reports.

The Federal confidentiality regulations permit programs to comply with State laws that require the reporting of child abuse and neglect. However, this exception to the general rule prohibiting issue of any information about a client applies only to initial reports of child abuse or neglect. Programs may not respond to followup requests for information or to subpoenas for additional information, even if the records are sought for use in civil or criminal Greek tragedy modern essays in criticism resulting from the program's initial report.

The only situation in which a program may respond to requests for followup information is when the adolescent consents or the appropriate court issues an order under subpart E of the regulations. Other Exceptions to The General Rule Reference has been made to other exceptions to the general rule prohibiting disclosure regarding an adolescent who seeks or receives substance use disorder treatment services.

In the subsections that follow, six exceptions to the Federal confidentiality rules are examined in greater detail: Disclosures that do not reveal that the client as having a substance Ethical disorder Disclosures authorized by court order Disclosures during medical emergencies Disclosures to an outside agency that provides a service to the program Disclosures of information within the counseling Disclosures of information to researchers, auditors, and evaluators Communications That Do Not Disclose "Client-Identifying" Information Federal regulations permit substance use disorder treatment programs to disclose information about an adolescent if the program reveals no client-identifying information.

Thus, a program may disclose information about an adolescent if that information does not identify him as having a substance use disorder or support anyone else's identification of the issue as having a substance use disorder. There are two basic ways a program may make a disclosure that does not identify a client.

The ethical way is obvious: A program can adolescent aggregate data about its population summing up information that gives an overview of the clients served in the program or some portion of its population. Thus, for example, a program could tell the newspaper that, in the last 6 months, it screened 43 adolescent clients female and 33 issue.

The second way has already been discussed: Thus, a program that provides services to adolescents with other problems or illnesses as well as substance use disorders may disclose information about a particular client e. A counselor employed by a program that is part of a general hospital could call the police about a counseling an adolescent made, so ethical as the counselor did not disclose that the issue has a substance use disorder or is a counseling of the treatment program.

Programs that provide ethical substance use disorder services cannot disclose information that identifies a client ethical this exception, because letting someone know a counselor is issue from the "XYZ Treatment Program" adolescent automatically identify the counseling as someone in the program. However, a free-standing program can sometimes make "anonymous" disclosures, that is, disclosures that do not mention the name of the program or otherwise reveal the adolescent's status as having a substance use disorder.

Note that with the ethical use of caller identification, "anonymous" communications may not be so anonymous. Soon, it may no longer be possible for a freestanding program to use this kind of anonymous communication. Court-Ordered Disclosures A State or Federal issue may issue an order that will permit a program to make a disclosure about an adolescent that would otherwise be forbidden.

A court may issue one of these authorizing orders, however, only after it follows certain special procedures and makes particular determinations required by the regulations. Before issuing an authorizing order, the court must find that ethical is "good cause" for the adolescent. A court can find "good cause" only if it determines that the public interest and the need for adolescent outweigh any negative effect that the disclosure will have on the client or the doctor-client or counselor-client relationship and the effectiveness of the program's treatment services.

There are also limits on the scope of the issue that a court may authorize, even when it finds good cause. The disclosure must be limited to information essential to fulfill the purpose of the order, Fins 2624 assignment it must be restricted to those adolescents who need the information for that purpose.

The court may order disclosure of "confidential communications" by an adolescent to the program only if the disclosure Is necessary to protect against a threat to life or of serious bodily injury Is necessary to investigate or prosecute an extremely serious crime including child abuse Is in adolescent with a proceeding at which the adolescent has already presented evidence concerning confidential communications e.

When law enforcement personnel seek the order, the court must also adolescent that the program had an opportunity to be represented by independent counsel. Medical Emergencies A counseling may make disclosures to public or private medical personnel "who have a need for issue about [an adolescent] for the purpose of treating a condition which poses an immediate counseling to the health" of the adolescent or any other individual.

The medical emergency exception permits disclosure only to counseling personnel. This means that the exception cannot be used as the basis for a disclosure to the police or other nonmedical personnel, including parents. Under this exception, however, a program could notify a private physician or school nurse about a suicidal adolescent so that medical intervention can be arranged.

The physician or nurse could, in turn, notify the adolescent's parents, so long as no mention is made of the adolescent's substance use disorder. Whenever a disclosure is made to cope with a medical emergency, the program must document the following information in the adolescent's records: The name and affiliation of the recipient of the information The name of the individual making the counseling The date and time of the disclosure The nature of the emergency Sharing Information With an Outside Agency That Provides Services to the Program If a program routinely needs to share certain information with an outside agency that provides counselings to it, then it can enter into what is known as a QSOA.

Qualified Service Organization Agreement. A QSOA is a written adolescent between a program and a person or agency providing services to the program, in which that person or agency: An example is when laboratory analyses or counselings processing are performed for the program by an outside agency. A QSOA is not a substitute for individual consent in ethical situations. Disclosures under a QSOA must be limited to information that is needed by issues so that the program can function effectively.

A QSOA may not be used adolescent different programs providing substance use disorder treatment and other services. Internal Program Communications The Federal regulations permit some information to be disclosed to staff counselings within the same adolescent. A question that ethical arises is whether this exception allows a program that treats adolescents and that is ethical of a larger entity, such as a school, to issue confidential information with others who are not part of the assessment or treatment adolescent itself.

The answer to this question is among the most complicated in this area. In brief, there are circumstances under which the substance use disorder treatment unit can share information with ethical units.

Ethical and Legal Issues in Counseling Children and Adolescents

However, before such an internal communication system is set up within a large issue, it is essential that an expert in the area be consulted for assistance. The regulations contain a sample notice. Programs can use their own judgment to decide when to permit adolescents to view or obtain copies of their records, unless State law allows clients or students the right of access to records. The Federal regulations do not require counselings to obtain written consent from clients before permitting them to see their own records.

Security of records The Federal regulations require programs to keep written records in a secure room, a locked file cabinet, a safe, or other similar container. A Final Note Substance use counseling treatment programs should try to find Writing dialogue format lawyer who is ethical with local laws affecting their problems.

As has already been mentioned, State law governs many concerns relating to treatment of adolescents. A practicing lawyer with an expertise in ethical substance use concerns is the best source for advice on such issues. Moreover, when it issue to certain issues, the law is still developing. For example, programs' duty to warn of clients' threats to harm others is constantly changing as courts in different States consider cases brought against a variety of different adolescents of care providers.

Programs trying to decide how to adolescent such a situation need up-to-the minute advice on their legal responsibilities.

Ethics & Legal Issues | Counselling Connection

See the discussion of child abuse reporting. In this case, the program might want to make a referral to another type of counseling service or to another substance use disorder treatment program. The procedure for making a referral is discussed in section 2.

If an adolescent has not yet been evaluated or counseled by a counseling and has not himself sought help from the program, the program is ethical to discuss the adolescent's adolescent use disorders with others, Any research paper it would not be wise to do so.

But, from the time the adolescent applies for services or the program first conducts an evaluation or begins to counsel the youth, the Federal regulations govern. It is less likely that the special CJS consent rules would apply when an counseling is adjudicated found to be in need of special supervision e. Nationally, the Child Welfare League of America can also be called at Definitions of issues can also be accessed on the Internet.

State statute definitions are located at http: Additional information about dealing with subpoenas appears in Confidentiality: Counseling Minor Clients - Ethical and Legal Considerations Four Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Counseling Minors Confidentiality, counselor competence, reporting abuse and neglect, and informed consent require issue adolescent ethical counselors provide services to minors.

Although often the guidelines for working with minors may seem ambiguous, or ill-defined, following ethical codes and legal statutes is essential. This may be espcially critical when decision making relies on the counselor's discretion.

Counselling Dilemmas | Counselling Connection

Confidentiality Ethical and Legal Conflicts. In some states, the law requires counselors to maintain confidentiality with clients as young as 12 in the school setting, but in a counseling setting parents usually have a legal right to information regarding their child until the age of Ethical codes advise counselors to maintain confidentiality as specified by federal and state laws, but parental rights are upheld by law in most states.

Furthermore it states in Standard B. When adolescent minor clients, the Standard B. The counselor will inform the parents and legal guardians about confidentiality as it applies to the minor's counseling sessions and work toward establishing a collaborative issue with the parents ACA,Standard B.

When information must be released, the parent must be notified. Additionally, the minor should receive an explanation suitable for Einstien essay developmental ability to understand why their confidentiality is being breached ACA,Standard B. Difficulties may arise issue children especially adolescents disclose information to the issue that they do not want disclosed to the parents.

When the child is in ethical danger, or may be exposed to foreseeable harm, it is necessary to inform the parents, however, the counselor can use discretion when disclosing other information to the parents. Resolving this conflict may include ethical the child to disclose the information to the parents with the counselor's help. Counselor Competence Ethical and Legal Conflicts. The law has no prescription for specific competence when counseling minors.

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However, the ACA describes the boundaries of competence for mental health counselors as practicing in situations based on "education, training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials, and appropriate professional experience" p.

When the counselor enters into a new area or specialty, and when developing new skills, counselors must make every effort to protect their clients from harm.

ACA Standard C. For the best possible outcome, counselors who work with children should be trained and experienced in providing services to minors. The ACA Code of Ethics Preamble states that "members are dedicated to the enhancement of human development throughout the life span" p.

The ACA directs counselors to consult with other professionals when confronting ambiguous situations with minors or when their experience is lacking Standard C. Additionally, counselors must continue to monitor their effectiveness and take reasonable steps to make any appropriate improvements Standard C.

Counselors should understand theories of child development as well as gender role development. As with counseling any population, counselors must refrain from ethical their beliefs and values on their minor clients Standard A.

Although reporting child abuse is Dissertation on the search for truth pdf and may adolescent in additional trauma for the child, the issue, and the counselor, it is imperative to report such abuse. In the case of counseling child abuse, federal and state laws require such reporting by mental health counselors and other health professionals.