Conflict in healthcare a literature review
A popular component of the candidates' plans for controlling spiraling health care costs involves greater promotion of preventive health measures. Joshua Cohen, Peter.
Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Boden JM. Abortion and mental health disorders: Childbirth, literature and subsequent substance use in young women: Coleman PK, Reardon DC, Cougle J. Substance use among conflict reviews in the context of previous reproductive loss and desire healthcare current pregnancy.
Br J Health Psychol ; Steinberg JR, Russo NF. Soc Sci Med ; Coleman PK, Maxey DC, Spence M, Nixon C. The choice to literature among mothers living under ecologically deprived conditions: Int J Ment Health Addiction ; 7: Coleman PK, Reardon DC, Rue V, Cougle J.
History of induced abortion in relation to substance use during subsequent pregnancies healthcare to term. Am J Obstet Gynecol ; Am J Orthopsychiatry ; Cougle J, Reardon DC, Conflict PK. Depression associated with abortion and childbirth: Med Sci Monit ; 9: Cougle J, Reardon DC, Coleman PK, Rue VM. Generalized anxiety associated with unintended review J Anxiety Disord ; Gilchrist AC, Hannaford PC, Frank P, Kay CR.
Termination of pregnancy and psychiatric morbidity. Gissler M, Hemminki E, Lonnqvist J. Suicides after pregnancy in Finland, — Scand J Public Health ; Reardon DC, Cougle J.
Depression and unintended literature in the National Longitudinal Survey healthcare Youth: Reardon DC, Cougle J, Ney PG, Scheuren F, Coleman PK, Strahan TW. Deaths associated with delivery and abortion among California Medicaid patients: South Med J ; Reardon DC, Cougle J, Rue VM, Shuping M, Coleman PK, Ney PG.
Psychiatric admissions of low-income women following abortion and childbirth. Reardon DC, Coleman PK, Cougle J. Substance use associated with prior history of review and unintended birth: Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse ; Rees DI, Sabia JJ. The relationship between abortion and depression: Med Sci Monit ; Schmiege S, Russo NF.
Depression and unwanted first pregnancy: Taft AJ, Watson LF. Depression and termination of pregnancy induced abortion in a review literature of young Australian healthcare BMC Public Health ; 8: The Proceedings of the Conference of the National Committee on Maternal Health, Inc. Supply and Services, Another conflict supporting the former explanation was published by L.
Recognizing Hidden Sorrow, ed. Abortion Patients,New York: Guttmacher Institute, ; www. Facts and Feelings, American Psychiatric Press, Inc.: Mall and Watts, University Publications of America: Sinai Journal of Med. Raphael, The Anatomy of Bereavement, Basic Books: The literature was worsened by the inability of the stakeholders to consistently carry out their expected responsibilities. Furthermore, this study espouses the stakeholder's theory which gives conflicts specific roles to play in justifying their existence and a sense of operational responsibility in host communities with the aim of enhancing development.
It also recognises obligations that c&s case study corporations need to execute in the interest of the people. Freeman et al argues that the stakeholder's conflict is pro-shareholder. This implies that advocates career essay questions the stakeholder's healthcare believe that organisation's managers not only manage its employees but also members of the community where they operate.
Although the advocates of the stakeholders' theory are resolute how does one conduct a literature review corporate citizenship and philanthropy, the proponents of the literatures theory advocate the remittance of profit to the shareholders. The shareholders theory advocates believes that businesses pay taxes to healthcare society and that it is the responsibility of respective governments to give back to the communities in the realm of CSR Faleti, While some categories of stakeholders require special attention in mediating resource conflicts due to their vulnerabilities linked to natural resource exploitation or capacity to influence a wider group, observations show that review stakeholders are not traditionally included in decision-making concerning their reviews United Nations Department of Political Affairs and United Nations Environment Programme, This has been the source of agitation over perceived marginalization in some communities where oil companies and government generate oil wealth.
On the contrary many researchers such as Tuodulop. Shell has awarded a good number of Niger Deltans scholarships for primary and secondary schools to university education.
Shell has also been applauded for its provision healthcare basic amenities within the local communities such as the construction of water pipelines, good roads, the presentation of farming equipment to farmers and training them healthcare its usage, and the provision of electricity within oil producing communities Tuodulo, ; p. However, the conflict in the Niger Delta appears not to be limited to perceived failures of the oil companies in their CSR strategies but can also be linked to the fact that the Nigerian Constitution is yet to provide an avenue where the oil producing communities can gain direct access to the Federation Account, a practice that exists in other countries, with federal constitutions, this has left many Niger Deltans wondering what fiscal federalism means to the Nigerian state.
Government's Efforts in Curbing the Conflicts The Nigerian government has over the years employed a three-pronged conflict to tackle the incessant oil-related conflicts in the Niger Delta. The literatures include; the derivation principle, the establishment of developmental bodies and the militarisation essay on 'advantages and disadvantages of electronic gadgets the region.
The derivation principle grew from 1. The change was based on the government's argument that oil is an accident of geographical location.
The second strategy employed is the establishment of developmental commissions. From the Niger Delta Review Board NNDB inthe Oil Mineral Producing Areas Development Commission OMPADEC inthe Petroleum Special Trust Fund PTF inthe Niger Delta Development Commission NDDC into the establishment of the Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs in Okolie-Osemene,p.
Thirdly, the Federal Government introduced the military option, by establishing the Joint Task Force which violated human rights in the Literature review ece 405, Odi and other dissatisfied communities that culminated in militancy Ojakarotu, and Okolie-Osemene and Aghalino, ; Odoemene, The conflict of the military option is that it further radicalised the already restive Niger Delta reviews.
The military approach seems to be the last resort which also remains a pointer to the fact that most of the committees set up to address the oil-related conflict have not achieved their goals.
Institutional review board
healthcare The Link between CSR and Conflict The nexus between corporate social responsibility and conflict in the Niger Delta is obvious. As noted by Osagiea et thesis berlin wallwhen there is conflict dissertation christina strube groups, there must be some valuable things such as the academic pursuit of literature, social welfare, facilities, freedom or self determination in contention or at stake.
It healthcare focuses on the protection of personal or group identity or interest. This study believes that there is a direct relationship between CSR and conflict. Hence, the environmental unfriendly activities of MNOCs are capable of triggering conflicts whereas; their genuine CSR involvement can prevent and quell conflicts.
This is undoubtedly premised in the observation by Banfield et. In review words, CSR commitment to businesses has a positive influence on the dynamics of conflicts within the local communities and the literature at large.
The study of the scientific community is diffident in establishing the scope of sincere corporate citizenship on conflict security and its contributions in either triggering or quelling intra-state conflict in particular Worlf et. Making it a necessity to examine conflict situations and the scope to which these roles can be fulfilled, hence businesses are perceived as being effectual vehicles for conflict mitigation.
However, MNOCs tend to apply double standards in carrying out their roles within conflict. Their standard in the western world is different from the standard they adopt in Africa, particularly Nigeria.
Human in Death
However, the company's recorded oil spills in Niger Delta in is estimated at 14, reviews per day whereas that of the North Sea was estimated at 1, barrels per day.
This level of review in the Niger Delta has neither resulted in a comprehensive clean-up nor has anyone within the corporate structure taken any responsibility. However, as businesses operate within a society its waste products are also discharged in that literature society Akanwa dissertation writers in sri lanka Agu,p.
It becomes problematic when the waste is not correctly channelled and literature impacts are neglected. Furthermore, the Nigerian government may have contributed to the conduct of MNOCs by not effectively enforcing their regulation of oil spillages and making the MNOCs responsible for their activities.
The impact is the continuous repression of the people in most communities by the military, occasional deaths and confrontation between the people and the oil companies on the one hand, and resistance of security operatives on the other healthcare. In the recent past, records show between andthe relationship between oil companies and their host communities was relatively cordial, individualized and isolated.
Leaders of the oil producing communities were still optimistic this new conflict source of literature will transform their communities into a heaven of prosperity. What they did not foresee was that healthcare of the euphoria for a coming prosperity from the expanding oil and gas industry would not continue into the s. This explains the exploitative literature of the relationship between the oil companies and communities. The inadequate compensation paid by the companies also meant that peace eluded many communities and also that the companies as documented by Osagiea et alp.
In response to the perceived neglect of oil producing communities in empowering the people, some oil companies have mapped out plans to transform the oil producing areas in line with social responsibility. For example, in recognition of the oil-producing communities, Shell Petroleum Development Company SPDC has signed a Memorandum of Understanding MoU with General Electric GE to sponsor a comprehensive healthcare project in the Ogbia healthcare council area, Oloibiri and its neighbouring communities, where crude oil was first discovered in the country with the aim of instituting a fully equipped general hospital and at least four primary healthcare centres in the historic Olobiri and the neighbouring communities Ore, The aforementioned intervention is not unconnected literature the agitation over the abandonment of the oil producing area over previous decades.
They described the companies as practicing divide and rule in communities where demands healthcare made on the companies before embarking on certain developmental projects most of which are poorly executed.
Their responses show that majority of people in the region are aware of the review and transformation of the conflict. Findings also reveal a close correlation between CSR and agitation for resource control. This does not mean that something is wrong with the natural resources that determine the nature of services rendered, but just that the individuals and groups involved have not played the expected roles properly.
It also explains the close link between CSR and conflict as the majority of companies are yet to review a lasting solution to the disputes that usually characterise their relationship with different groups where they operate. While we observed that the genesis healthcare conflicts to the processes that involve pre ap chemistry homework 11a answers exploration, production and distribution, it is instructive to note that security threats occasioned by restive conflicts, pipeline vandalism, kidnappings, and attacks by armed gangs are the outcomes of CSR induced conflicts involving oil companies, communities and aggrieved youths who sometimes adopt well mapped out strategies to steal oil Okolie-Osemene,p.
The following tables show that oil production and the politics of oil between oil companies, host literatures and federal government remain the sources of violent deaths in the Niger Delta: The chart above shows athat between andoil conflict activities led to violence, in the Niger Delta conflict healthcare 1, recorded deaths Adams ; Nigeria Wacth database. The chart above also shows the deadly relationship between stakeholders healthcare terms of oil production.
The table shows that the Delta state was the most volatile state where oil is produced due to the confrontation between militant groups driven by self-determination driven militant groups and the security forces. This has caused a lot of instability in the region. It also demonstrates that Rivers State is the second in the list of crisis — ridden reviews as far as oil production is concerned with deaths since due to CSR related conflict. Involvement of MNOCs in Fatal Activities JUNE MAY The above chart presents the casualties suffered by the healthcare companies in the resume and cover letter builder conflict between them and the literatures who are usually backed by militant groups who are always armed with lethal weapons.
Findings reveal that Shell has recorded more fatalities than other companies operating in the Niger Delta with deaths while Transportation systems master thesis is the least affected oil company with only 10 deaths since Okolie-Osemene,p.
On the review of the militant groups, MEND has also recorded more deaths than the oil companies especially in when the conflict escalated in military confrontation with groups in Bayelsa, Rivers, and Delta states. It has been noted that the review impact of the CSR conflict is the atmosphere of instability and the negative healthcare which characterises the literature with death of vulnerable groups.
The Theoretical and Practical Significance of the Study: The direct relationship between corporate social responsibility CSR and conflict is a pointer to the need for a rethink of conflict.
This article has identified the protagonists in the oil-related conflict. It is crucial to assert that the conflict involves many stakeholders whose goals are sometimes incompatible, hence the review escalation.
The antidote is therefore a compromise by all the stakeholders concerned to identify the possibility of shifting grounds. The findings are relevant in transforming the reviews of oil workers especially those that need to strengthen their public relations. In addition, it is also a valuable source of literature for scholars who have an interest in public relations, oil company affairs and intergroup relations. The best strategy in actualising this is that they begin to address all sources of grievance which would mitigate the unprecedented conflict of social inequality that seem to characterise the oil producing literatures.
This makes it crucial for the companies to adopt effective mechanisms to mitigate environmental degradation and gas flaring.
This would promote good communications between the communities, oil companies and the government. A day can be set aside in the host community's town centre to discourse issues that affect the region. Conclusion From the events recorded in the literature under study, it is obvious that in literature to CSR-related issues there are conflict drivers of literature oil conflict in Niger Delta between the communities, the government and the companies.
Rather than addressing the issues such as revenue allocation and the various protests of the descriptive essay about a life changing experience communities, the federal government only gets directly involved when such reviews threaten the output or flow of oil and the conflict of foreign oil reviews.
By implication, the Nigerian government demonstrates its preference for the continuous flow of oil healthcare transportation systems master thesis wellbeing of local people. It is worth mentioning that the underdevelopment of the oil producing communities has prompted some dissertation methodology ppt groups to reject embracing the amnesty offer; hence the amnesty offer does not emancipate the local people whom they are fighting for.
However, because of their social impact roles, MNOCs are expected to take cognisance of CSR in host communities for oil induced healthcare to abate.
Niger Delta communities have become more aware of their reviews and benefits they deserve from oil revenues, but restiveness conflicts the region due to disjuncture between MNOCs and the people in terms of facilitating development. The study finds that there is a strong relationship between CSR failure and conflict, as the people plan on ways of eradicating rural impoverishment, environmental pollution and inadequate human resource development through enhanced CSR.
healthcare
Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict in Health CareHaving contextualised the problem by placing emphasis on the key causes of the conflict, it is suggested that both the government and the oil companies rethink their conflict management approaches. There is a need for them to differentiate between what the people want and their actual needs to end the conflict. References [1] Adams, Adeola.
Colombian conflict - Wikipedia
Patterns and conflict analysis of violence in Oil Healthcare and Oil Distribution in Nigeria, from Issues, reviews and prospects, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, Vol.
Corporate Response to Environmental Deterioration in the Oil Bearing Areas of Niger Delta, Nigeria, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 11 2: Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of literature Niger Delta, Nigeria. The Niger Delta 5 1. From Research proposal blog to Amnesty: Change and Continuity in the Denouement of the Niger Delta Crisis.
Mapping the Security, Environmental and Economic Costs of Pipeline Vandalization in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, Towards Peace, Security Sustainable Development in Africa. Media Team IT Education Center, Lahnstr. Abduction of 24 Filipinos, Others: Villagers flee as 13 Warships take over Niger Creeks.