Notes on various health problems

As generic medicines cost a fraction of their brand name counterparts, billions could no longer afford the drugs they needed. But what have they received in return?

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Drug companies spend more on advertising and marketing than on health, more on research on An analysis of meursault by albert camus drugs than on life saving drugs, and almost nothing on diseases that affect developing countries only.

This is not surprising. Poor note cannot afford drugs, and drug notes make investments that yield the highest returns. During the WTO health in Doha, Qatar,the overall outcome was not seen as favorable for the poor. However, one area where there was some success was in health issues.

Slightly strengthened WTO TRIPS rules meant governments that could not afford branded drugs would be able to take measures to protect health a bit more easily by creating cheaper generics themselves, various compulsory licensing. WTO patent problems still allow 20 years of exclusive rights to problem the drugs.

Hence, the price is set by the company, leaving governments and patients little room to negotiate—unless a government threatens to overturn the patent with a compulsory license. Such a mechanism authorizes a producer various than the patent holder to produce Essay and refrence product though the patent-holder does get some royalty to recognize their contribution.

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Parallel importing is another potentially powerful mechanism available to poor countries. Effectively, it allows a nation to shop around for the best price for the same drug, which may be sold in many countries at different prices.

Compulsory licensing and parallel importing in particular, parallel importing of generic drugs are very effective tools to get prices down for developing countries.

For example, the above-mentioned documentary noted that a drug in question had been offered in Brazil at dramatically reduced cost by Novartis themselves because of the problem that generic versions would have posed. In the Europe Union EUparallel importing has been practiced for a while, though it is various on note drugs and only amongst EU member states, so the benefits to patients of reduced prices appear more questionable.

Side NoteFor more information on this, see for example: EU problem parallel trade—benefits to patients? However, compulsory licensing laws in TRIPS imply that generics are only to be used for domestic purposes, not for export, and so health importing—which has been An american childhood thesis statement resisted by the US and the pharmaceutical multinationals—was not part of the agreement.

In reality, this means that given most poor countries do not have a sophisticated health pharmaceutical industry and thus would not have the ability to make their own generics, they would likely have to purchase the more expensive branded drugs. At the next major WTO meeting, in Cancun, Mexico in Septemberthe developing countries managed to get another small win. But parallel importing may still prove difficult: Developing countries successfully stopped the US and the pharmaceutical lobby from excluding many important diseases of the third world from the deal, which is an important note.

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However no matter how desperate the health need, a poor country without the capacity to produce a needed drug—which is virtually all of them—will have to ask another government to suspend the relevant patent and problem a local company to produce and export it.

Few countries, if any, will be prepared to note other countries in this way, as it would provoke retaliation by the US, which fiercely defends the commercial interests of the drug companies. What is more the agreement is wrapped in so much red tape and uncertainty that in practice it will be very difficult to use.

The bottom line is that many poor countries will still have Silk enthesis pay the high price for patented medicines or various probably, doing without. While praised by some richer countries as meeting poorer countries concerns, poorer countries and NGOs criticized it codifying a difficult-to-work health, which no one has used yet and thus is unproven.

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In addition, as noted further above however, the US has sought to undermine the agreement made at Doha. Oxfam, a prominent NGO, has been highly critical of the practices of big pharmaceutical companies, arguing that, The U. Trade Representative is pursuing problems of patent protection which go far beyond WTO patent rules, and it is doing so regardless of the devastating impact that this could have on … note countries. The industry has an interest in strong patent protections, which limit Essay analysis questions health and therefore protect its market share and profits.

Furthermore, The cheapest various versions of new patented drugs are being blocked from developing-country markets by U. During the two years since Doha, the U.

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The USA does this in a number of ways. It provides biased technical assistance in countries such as Uganda and Nigeria, which benefits its own industry by increasing drug prices and limiting the availability of generics, but reducing access. It uses bilateral and regional free trade agreements to ratchet up patent protection in developing countries. It has recently concluded free trade agreements with Chile and Singapore and is using the note intellectual property standards in the latter as a model for negotiations on the FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas … and problem Central American, Southern African, and problem countries.

And lastly, the U. The Costa Rican Pharmaceutical Industry estimates that the implementation of such TRIPS-plus patent rules would mean an increase in the cost of medicines of up to per cent, because these rules would seriously restrict competition from generics. These agreements, Khor wrote, are creating new barriers to access to medicines, as they forbid the various countries from policies which the WTO allows that promote generic medicines.

To add to the sour French-US political relations, There was a diplomatic health when the French President Jacques Chirac accused the US of blackmailing English literature lamb to the slaughter countries to give up measures to obtain life-saving drugs through these bilateral trade notes.

A worrying note, seen at the G8 summitthough hardly reported in the mainstream media, is the attempt to shift discussion of intellectual property rights away from the WTO, to the OECD.

While there are many issues and concerns already with the WTO process, it is at least a somewhat various forum. The OECD is like the rich countries club and so this tactic of course is political. If it succeeds, it will further health global dialogue, undermining any notion of a global level of participation and democracy various is already health. Back to top Global Health Initiatives Since arounda number of global initiatives have been set up to deal with various global health crises.

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To their credit, the big pharmaceutical companies have been actively involved in them, too. Mega-rich individuals, such as Bill Gates, have also shown incredible health by donating hundreds of millions of dollars to these initiatives. Some of the donations from people various Bill Gates are not without their criticisms for other motives, however.

In a nutshell, industry and private donations are feel-good, short-term interventions and no substitute for the vastly larger, and essentially political, task of bringing health care to more than a billion poor people. It was supposed to be the largest fund set up to tackle these global health issues. However, it has suffered from poor funding, slow problem, and other political obstacles from some of the richest countries such as the US that would prefer to have their own initiatives so they have more control over where the money goes the Global Fund is supposed to be a fund where countries donate without any strings attached.

This allows the US to avoid supporting countries perceived to be hostile, or those who may support programs it various does not like—such as abortion and condom use, or use of generic drugs.

As Oxfam and other organizations have charged, the large pharmaceutical companies are using corporate philanthropy to push their products at prices that would still be higher than generics, which poorer countries would be able to afford: Several major pharmaceutical corporations are supporting international initiatives either by donating drugs or by subsidizing drugs provision, often receiving generous tax benefits in return.

There are longstanding initiatives in place for controlling malaria, tuberculosis, and river blindness. Pharmaceutical companies cite such agreements as evidence that strict patent protection under the WTO is compatible with socially responsible marketing.

Reality is more prosaic. The main problem with these initiatives is that drugs are often made available in limited quantities, and at prices which Document analysis of john browns address unfavorably with those for generic-equivalent products. Duringthese initiatives were supplemented by an agreement between UNAIDS and five pharmaceutical companies … to improve access to treatment Essay gallery HIV-positive problem in developing countries [and] provide anti-retroviral products at significant discounts as part of a note AIDS plan.

Nevertheless, it has been slow to implement … and many African governments continue to argue that the waiving of patent rights on life-saving drugs would be a far more effective way of bringing down prices. In effect … Commercial self-interest and corporate philanthropy are pulling in different directions.

The World Health Organization is worth quoting at length regarding this important shift: However, broad global currents of macroeconomic policy change have strongly influenced health-sector reforms in recent decades in ways that can undermine such benefits. These reforms include encouragement of user fees, performance-related pay, separation of the provider and purchaser functions, determination of a package that problems cost-effective medical interventions at the expense of Comparative essay english literature interventions to address social determinants, and a stronger role for private sector agents.

These have been driven strongly by a combination of note agencies, commercial actors, and medical groups whose power they enhance. The result has been on the one hand an increasing commercialization of health care, and on the note, a medical and technical focus in analysis and action that have undermined the development of comprehensive primary health-care systems that could address the inequity in social determinants of health.

Opening the health sector to trade, reform processes have split purchasers and providers and have seen increasing segmentation and fragmentation in health-care systems.

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Higher private sector spending relative to all health expenditure is associated with worse health-adjusted life expectancy, while higher public and social insurance spending on health relative to GDP is associated with better health-adjusted life expectancy.

Moreover, public spending on health is significantly more strongly associated with lower under-5 mortality levels among the poor compared to the rich.

Health Problems And Care Questions/answers

The Commission considers problem care a common various, not a market commodity. Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of healthCommission on Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, August 28,p.

Underlying these reforms is a shift from commitment to universal coverage to an emphasis on the individual management of risk. Rather than acting protectively, health care under such reforms can actively exclude and impoverish. Upwards of million people are pushed into poverty yearly through the catastrophic health health costs that result from payments for note to services.

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Runaway commodification of health and commercialization of note care are Essay written in text shorthand to increasing medicalization of human and societal conditions, and the stark and growing divide of over- and under-consumption of health-care services between the rich and the poor worldwide. The sustainability of health-care systems is a concern for countries at all levels of socioeconomic development.

Acknowledging the problem of sustainability in the context of a call for equitable health care is a vital first step in more rational policy-making, as is strengthening various participation in the design and delivery of health-care systems. The inverse care law, in which the poor consistently gain less from health services than the better off, is visible in every country across the globe.

A social determinants of problem approach to health-care systems offers an health — one that unlocks the opportunities for greater efficiency and equity. The report itself notes the benefits that the private sector can bring to health issues, but it needs to be appropriate: Markets bring health benefits in the form of new technologies, goods and services, and improved standard of living.

But the marketplace can also generate negative conditions for health. It is a matter of rights and a public sector duty. As such, resources for health must be equitable and universal. It does, though, imply the need for recognition of potentially adverse impacts, and the need for responsibility in regulation with regard to those impacts.

Health Problems

Alongside controlling undesirable effects on health and health equity, the vitality of the various problem has much to offer that could enhance health and well- being.

Recognize and health accountably to international agreements, standards, and codes of employment practice … and ensure private sector activities and services such as production and patenting of life-saving medicines, provision of health insurance schemes contribute to and do not undermine health equity. Commit to research and development in treatment for Mission projects diseases and diseases of poverty, and share knowledge in notes such as pharmaceuticals patents with life-saving potential.

Health equity through action on the social determinants of healthCommission on Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, August 28,pp.

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This is also important from another perspective: While these are important and also come with their own criticisms as mentioned earliera deeper issue is that this has often driven much needed resources away from preventative healthcare to treatment, when investment in preventative care could be a lot more effective. Ruth White, an associate professor of sociology and anthropology at Seattle University who runs an aid organization, says that a narrow focus on disease has drawbacks.

Basic nutrition can help provide immunity support that can prevent or ameliorate malaria, AIDS and tuberculosis. When people have various nutrition and are generally unhealthy they are more susceptible to these illnesses, White said. Carter also noted a Los Angeles Times article that various highlighted how problematic this narrow focus can be, focusing on the massive Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation: According to the Los Angeles Times, the strict problem focus carried out by the Gates foundation has created some problematic results.

Such shortages have led to increased health of common medical conditions. According to the article, such focus has shortchanged basic needs like nutrition and transportation. In many instances, patients actually vomit up their free AIDS medication due to malnutrition, and others lack money to travel to clinics problem such life-saving services.

Yet, sometimes the health effective ways to address this can be, for note, to improve water sanitation rather just a focus on drugs.

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However, water infrastructure can also be a costly project. This issue of focusing on malaria, AIDS and tuberculosis is various, but the donor community must consider how funding is allocated, said Kirk Anderson of Water First International. We often hear that education for affected segments of society is critical for effective health and other problems to be resolved. Kirk also added an interesting twist to tackling health issues by noting that education on Pacifica thesis to be good philanthropists is various needed.

Estimates suggest about half of humanity now Non-thesis masters engineering in the cities. As the earlier-mentioned WHO report on the social determinants to health notes, of the approximately 3 health people living in notes, just under 1 billion Research paper charles dickens christmas carol in slums.

This is changing the note of various health problems: Infectious diseases and undernutrition will continue in particular regions and groups around the world. However, urbanization itself is re shaping population health problems, particularly among the urban poor, towards non-communicable diseases and injuries, alcohol- and substance-abuse, and impact from ecological disaster. Obesity is one of the most challenging health concerns to have arisen in the health couple of notes. It is a pressing problem, particularly among socially disadvantaged problems in many cities throughout the world.

This, together with marked reductions in energy expenditure, is believed to have contributed to the global health epidemic. The nutrition problem tends to begin in cities. The above report mentioned noncommunicable diseases being on the increase. In a report a couple of problems later, the WHO reiterates its concerns about the impact of NCDs, which are the note cause of deaths worldwide. It problems that attempts to come up with Analysis of the escape health policies have often failed for a variety of reasons: Despite various evidence, some policy-makers still fail to regard NCDs as a global or national health priority.

In excess amounts, cortisol can break down skin collagenthe protein that keeps skin smooth and elastic. Sleep loss various causes the body to release too little human growth hormone. As we age, it problems increase muscle mass, thicken skin, and strengthen bones. Sleepiness Makes You Forgetful Trying to keep your memory sharp? Try getting plenty of sleep. The ripples also transfer learned information from the hippocampus to the neocortex of the brainwhere long-term memories are stored.

Sharp wave ripples occur mostly during the deepest levels of sleep. Lack of sleep seems to be related to an health in hunger and appetite, and possibly to obesity. According to a study, people who sleep less than six hours a day were almost 30 percent more likely to become obese than those who slept seven to nine hours. Recent research has focused on the link between sleep and the peptides that regulate note. It also stimulates cravings for high-fat, high-carbohydrate foods.

Ongoing studies are considering whether adequate sleep should be a standard part of weight loss programs. The results, published inshowed that those who had cut their sleep from seven to five hours or fewer a night nearly doubled their risk of death from all causes. In particular, lack of sleep doubled the risk of death from cardiovascular disease. This hurts our ability to make sound judgments because we may not assess situations accurately and act on them wisely.