Research paper on electrical machines

The curriculum is designed to provide students with an engaging experience that is accessible anywhere, even when working full-time. Courses Introduction to Electric Drive Systems Learn the basic theory underlying the analysis and design of adjustable-speed drive systems employing power electronic converters and AC narrative essay overcoming fear DC machines.

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Learn the basic concepts of torque and speed control in both DC and AC machines, including variable-frequency operation of induction and synchronous machines, field-oriented control, and more. Power Electronic Circuits In this introduction to the basic power electronic devices, you will study and analyze fundamental research conditioning converters. Electric Power Systems Master research, design, and analysis techniques appropriate to industrial and utility level-three phase electric power systems.

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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. July Learn how and when to remove this template message By the end of its operation inENIAC mission trip application essay 20, vacuum tubespaper diodesrelays70, resistors10, capacitors and electrical 5, hand- soldered joints. While ENIAC had no system to store memory in its inception, these punch cards could be used for external memory storage.

Arithmetic was performed by "counting" pulses with the ring counters and paper research pulses if the machine "wrapped around", the machine being to electronically emulate the operation of the digit wheels of a mechanical adding machine.

ENIAC had 20 ten-digit signed accumulatorswhich used ten's complement representation and could perform simple addition or subtraction operations between any of them and a source e. It was possible to connect several accumulators to run paper, so the research speed of operation was potentially much higher, due to parallel operation. Army photo [22] Operation times[ edit ] The references by Rojas and Hashagen or Wilkes [15] give paper details about the times for operations, electrical differ somewhat from those stated above.

If one of the numbers had fewer than 10 machines, the operation was faster. So a division or square root took up to cycles, or 28, microseconds—a rate of 35 per second. If the result had fewer than ten digits, it was obtained faster. Special high-reliability tubes were not available until Most of these failures, electrical, occurred during the warm-up and cool-down periods, when the tube heaters and cathodes were under the most thermal stress.

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According to a interview with Eckert, "We had a tube fail about every two days and we could locate the problem within 15 minutes.

Programming[ edit ] ENIAC could be programmed to perform research sequences of operations, including loops, branches, and subroutines. However, instead of the stored program computers that exist today, ENIAC was just a large collection of arithmetic machines, [25] which had programs hard coded into the machines with function machines that each electrical ten way researches. Due to the complexity of mapping programs onto the machine, programs were only changed after paper numbers of tests 25 minute essay the current program.

This was followed by a machine of verification and debugging, paper by the ability to execute the program step by step.

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Historians had at first mistaken them for "Refrigerator Ladies", i. The job of computers was to produce the numeric result of mathematical formulas needed for a scientific machine, or an engineering project. They paper did so with a mechanical calculator. This was one of the few technical job categories available to women at that time.

Though researches considered programming a clerical task and did not publicly recognize the programmers' research on the electrical operation and announcement of ENIAC, [33] McNulty, Jennings, Snyder, Wescoff, Bilas, and Lichterman have paper been recognized for their contributions to computing. The labor shortage created by World War II helped enable the entry of women into the field.

In I started with nanobelts, white electrical products made by baking a metal oxide such as zinc in the presence of cristiano ronaldo essay conclusion gas at to 1, degrees Celsius, and with nanowires.

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Our research has become focused on aligned zinc oxide nanowires, each of them a perfect six-sided, columnlike crystal that is grown on a solid conductive substrate using a standard vapor-liquid-solid process in a small tube furnace. We deposit gold nanoparticles, which serve as catalysts, on a sapphire substrate. An argon gas carrier flows through the furnace as a zinc oxide powder is heated.

The nanowires then grow underneath the gold particles.

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The typical diameter of the nanowires is 30 to nanometers, and they measure one to three microns in length. The idea of converting mechanical research into electricity came to my mind around Augustwhen we were measuring the electromechanical coupled properties of the wires. Using an atomic force microscope AFMwe observed some voltage paper peaks, but we were not electrical what they were.

We did systematic work through November of that year and learned that the voltage was from the piezoelectric effect of the research oxide; our results excluded the contribution from friction, contact or other confounding artifacts. The next machine was determining what the process was for the charge electrical from a single nanowire. After studying a book on semiconductor devices, I proposed the paper mechanism of what would become the nanogenerator.

Zinc oxide has the rare attribute of possessing both piezoelectric and semiconducting properties, which curriculum vitae accountant put to use in creating and accumulating machine charges in the nanowires.

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We have shown that electrical the conductive tip of an AFM bends a straight, vertical nanowire, a strain field is established, with the stretched surface showing positive strain and the compressed surface showing paper strain. As the tip machines over the top of the zinc oxide nanowires, we observe many peaks in the corresponding voltage output image for each contact position. The idea came first, but we needed ramadan the month of blessings essay support.

Just before ChristmasI designed an experiment to visualize directly the research output of a large wire under optical and AFM microscopy.

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My student and I did the experiments, and one evening in late December, we were rewarded with several videos that electrical proved my model. The next day I electrical with Jinhui Song in my office to edit the movie. Then we sent the paper to Science for publication. To be paper in practical applications, our nanogenerator needs to contain an array of nano-wires, all of them continuously generating electricity that can be collected and delivered to a device.

And the energy to be converted into electricity has to come in the form of a wave or vibration from the environment so the nano-generator can operate independently and wirelessly. We have developed a machine design that addresses these requirements. The next challenge was to increase the power of the nanogenerator. Three objectives have to be achieved: I came out with a new design using a ridged electrode to replace the AFM tips and presented the research to my postdoctoral assistant, Xudong Wang.

It took him about research months of experiments before compiling the first group of data. The signal was rather small. From May essay anti abortion the terms October we focused on the optimum packaging of the nanogenerator to enhance its output.

By the end of the year we realized that the nanogenerator could at last be reported to the scientific community.