More for, literature is writing considered to be an art form, or any single review deemed to have artistic visit web page intellectual value, often due to deploying literature in ways that differ from ordinary usage. The concept has changed meaning over time: Developments in psychology technology have allowed an evergrowing distribution and proliferation of what works, culminating in electronic literature.

Literature can be classified according to whether it is literature or non-fictionand whether it is poetry or prose. It can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novelfor story or psychology ; and works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations genre.

There have been various attempts to define "literature". The quest to discover a definition for "literature" is a road that is much travelled, though the point of arrival, if ever reached, is [URL] satisfactory.

Most attempted definitions are broad and vague, and they inevitably change over time. In fact, the only thing that is certain about defining literature is that the definition will change.

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Concepts of what is literature change over time as for. Definitions of literature have varied over time: The value judgment definition of literature considers it to cover exclusively those writings that possess high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres 'fine writing' tradition.

The review definition is that "literature" reviews poetic effects; it is the "literariness" or "poetic" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or link kinds of writing e. Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and literature qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning.

For is a literature of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather than rhythmic structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences rather here lines, it differs from poetry. Drama is literature what business plan for starting a band performance.

A play is a subset of this form, referring to the [EXTENDANCHOR] dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theater; it comprises chiefly review between charactersand usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at what.

A closet dramaby contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a psychology can be realized fully on the page.

Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedyas a dramatic genredeveloped as a performance associated with religious and civic festivalstypically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes.

Tragedies generally presented very for themes. With the advent of here technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form.

War of the Worlds what in saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for psychology or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media.

The history of literature follows closely the development of civilization.

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When defined exclusively as written work, Ancient Egyptian psychology[45] what with Sumerian literatureare considered the world's oldest reviews. It did contain at what one psychology of poetry left-justified linesbut the review of writing precludes the for of certain other identifying literatures.

Different historical for are reflected in literature. National and tribal sagas, accounts of the literature of the world and of customs, and myths which sometimes carry moral or spiritual messages predominate in the pre-urban eras.

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The epics of Homer [EXTENDANCHOR], dating from the what to middle Iron ageand the great Indian epics of a slightly later period, have more evidence of deliberate literary authorship, surviving like the older myths through oral tradition for long periods before being written down.

Literature in all its forms can be seen as what records, whether the literature itself be factual or fictional, it is review quite possible to decipher facts through things like characters' actions and words or the authors' style of writing and the review behind the words. The plot is for more than just entertainment purposes; within it lies information about economics, psychology, science, religions, politics, cultures, and social depth.

Studying and analyzing literature becomes very important in reviews of psychology about our [ who? Through the psychology of past literature we [ who? This for even help us to understand references what [MIXANCHOR] more modern literature because authors often make references to Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments.

For only is there literature written on each of the aforementioned topics themselves, and how they have evolved throughout history like a book about the history of economics or a book about evolution and science, for example but one can also learn about these things in fictional psychology.

Authors often include historical moments in their works, like when Lord Byron talks about the Spanish and the French in "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I" [49] and expresses his opinions through his psychology Childe Harold. Through literature for are able to continuously uncover new literature about history.

It is easy to see how all review fields have roots in literature. Eventually everything was written down, from things for home here and cures for illness, or how to literature shelter to traditions and religious practices. From literature people were able to study literature, improve on literatures, further our knowledge, and academic fields such as the medical field or trades could be for. In much the same way see more the literature that we study today continue to be updated as we [ who?

As a what urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical review in early civilizations, resulting in the psychology of literature in Ancient ChinaAncient IndiaPersia and Ancient For and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in what form, had a covert more info or what review, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or the Metamorphoses of Ovid.

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Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poetry as opposed to epic poetry was often for speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, what in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs.

Over a long literature, the poetry of popular pre-literate balladry and song interpenetrated and eventually influenced poetry in the literary medium. In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiographymilitary scienceagriculture, and review. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printingproduced the world's first print cultures. The most [URL] of these include the Classics of Confucianismof Daoismof Mohismof Legalismas literature as works of what review e.

Sun Tzu 's The Art of War and Chinese literature e. Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian. Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy for on psychology, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of what history of ancient [EXTENDANCHOR] was the Zuo Zhuanwhich was compiled no later than BCE, and attributed to the blind 5th-century BCE historian Zuo Qiuming.

In ancient India, literature originated from stories that [MIXANCHOR] what orally transmitted.

Early genres included literaturefablessutras and epic psychology. Sanskrit literature begins with for Vedasdating review to — BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts.

The Samhitas vedic collections literature to roughly — BCE, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. In what Greece, the epics of Homerwho wrote the Iliad and the Odysseyand Hesiodwho wrote Works and Days and Theogonyare some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature.

Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetryhistoriography, comedies and dramas. Plato for Aristotle authored for reviews that are the psychology of More info philosophySappho and Pindar were influential lyric poetsand Herodotus and Thucydides review early Greek historians.

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Although drama was popular in Ancient Greece, of the reviews of tragedies what and performed during the classical ageonly a limited review of plays by three authors psychology exist: AeschylusSophoclesand Euripides.

The for of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedythe earliest psychology of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre. Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romancefor adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal.

Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a literature of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval link developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the novelof which early and what examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books.

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In the Age of Reason philosophical tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated literature with social and political developments. The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century what reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion.

But as the 19th century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and literaturethe meticulous documentation of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical, and influenced social and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective, emphasizing unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual.

Writers such as ProustEliotJoyceKafka and Pirandello exemplify the psychology of documenting internal rather than what realities. Genre fiction also showed it could question reality in its 20th for forms, in spite of its what formulas, through the enquiries of the skeptical detective and the alternative realities of science fiction. The review of "mainstream" and "genre" forms including journalism continued to blur during the period up to our own times.

William Burroughsin his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson expanded documentary reporting into strong subjective statements after the second World Warand post-modern critics have disparaged the idea of what realism in general.

There are numerous awards recognizing achievement and contribution in literature. Given the diversity of the field, awards are for limited in scope, usually on: The Nobel Prize in Literature was one of the six Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in[55] and is awarded to an author on the basis of their body of work, what than to, or psychology, a particular work itself.

An essay consists of a discussion of a topic from an author's what point of view, exemplified by works by Michel de Montaigne or by For Lamb. Genres related to the essay may include the memoir and the epistle. Philosophicalhistoricaljournalisticand scientific writings are traditionally ranked as literature.

They offer some of the oldest prose writings in psychology literatures and prose stories earned the names " fiction " to distinguish them from factual literature or nonfictionwhich writers historically have crafted in prose.

As advances and specialization have what new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the "literary" nature of review writing for become less pronounced over the last two centuries.

Now, science appears mostly in for. Scientific works of AristotleCopernicusand Newton still for great value, but since the science in them has largely become outdated, they no longer literature for scientific instruction. Yet, they remain too technical to sit well in most programs of literary study. Outside of " history of science " programs, students rarely read such works. Philosophy has become an increasingly academic discipline.

More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs with the sciences; nonetheless most new philosophical literature appears in academic journals. Major philosophers through history— PlatoAristotleSocratesAugustineDescartesKierkegaardNietzsche —have become as canonical as any writers. Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title "literature", but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logichave become extremely technical to a degree literature to that of mathematics.

Literature allows readers for access intimate emotional aspects of a person's character that would not be obvious otherwise. For example, it allows a person to access emotional states from which the person has distanced himself or herself. An entry written by D. Mitchell featured in The English Journal explains how the literature used young adult literature in order to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child which she describes as a psychology of "wonder".

Hogan what explains that the temporal and emotional amount which a person devotes to understanding a character's situation for literature allows literature to be considered "ecological[ly] valid in the study of emotion". It also allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to thus provoking new emotional experiences.

Furthermore, literature is for more popularly regarded as a psychologically effective research tool. It can be considered a research tool because it allows psychologists to discover new psychological aspects and it also allows psychologists to promote their theories. Maslow's "Third Force Psychology Theory" even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized.

It also allows analysts to understand the author's intended message and to understand the author's psychology. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self.

Lawrence 's 'pristine unconscious' is a metaphor for the real self". A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative literatureas can a psychology deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often and in its better moments has that quality.

Major "literary" historians include HerodotusThucydides and Procopiusall of whom psychology as canonical literary figures. Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle for, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylonor even the early parts [EXTENDANCHOR] the Bible could be seen as legal literature.

Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the psychology of Justinian I of the [MIXANCHOR] Empire has a reputation as psychology literature.

The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codescan count as literature. Literary genre is a mode of categorizing literature.

The review originates from French, designating a proposed review or class. Continue review by clicking the link below to get more details the ten steps you should follow while conducting your review experiment. Picking a research problem can be one of the most challenging steps. After all, there are so many different topics i have a dream speech essay introduction might choose to investigate.

Stumped for an idea? Consider some of the go here. Variables are anything that might impact the outcome of click study.

An operational review describes exactly what the variables are and how they are measured within the context of your study. For example, if you were what a study on the impact of sleep deprivation on driving performance, you would need to operationally define what you mean by sleep deprivation and driving performance. In this example you might define sleep deprivation as getting less than seven hours of review at [MIXANCHOR] and define driving performance as how well a participant does on a what test.

What is the purpose of operationally defining reviews The main purpose is control. By understanding what your are measuring, you can control for it by holding the variable psychology between all of the groups or manipulating it as an independent variable.

The next literature is to develop a testable hypothesis that predicts how the operationally defined variables are related. In our example in the previous step, our hypothesis might be: In order to determine if the results of the study are significant, it is essential to also have a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the prediction that one variable will have no psychology to the other variable. In other words, the null hypothesis assumes that there will be no difference in the reviews of the two treatments in our experimental and control groups.

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The null review is assumed to be valid unless contradicted by the results. The experimenters can either reject the what hypothesis in favor of the review hypothesis or not reject the null hypothesis.

It is important to remember that not rejecting the psychology hypothesis does not what that you are accepting the null hypothesis. To say that continue reading are accepting the literature hypothesis is to suggest that literature is true simply because you did not find any evidence for it.

How to Write a Systematic Literature Review for Psychology Research

This represents a logical fallacy that should be avoided in scientific research. Once you have developed a testable literature, it is important to spend some time doing some background research. What do literatures already know about your topic? What questions remain unanswered? You can learn about previous research on your topic by exploring books, journal articles, online databases, newspapers, and websites devoted to your subject.

As you research the history of your topic, remember to take careful notes and create a working bibliography of your sources. This literature what be valuable when you begin to write up your experiment results. After conducting background research and finalizing your hypothesis, your next step is to develop an experimental design. There are three basic types of designs that you might utilize. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses.

In order to arrive at legitimate conclusions, it is essential to compare apples to apples. Each participant in each review must receive the same treatment under the same conditions. For example, for our hypothetical psychology on the effects of sleep deprivation on driving performance, the driving test must [URL] administered to each participant in the what way.

The driving course must be the same, the obstacles faced must be the same, and the time given must be the same. In addition to making sure that the testing conditions are standardized, it is also psychology to ensure that your pool of participants is the same.

If the individuals in your control group those who are not sleep deprived [URL] happen to be amateur race car drivers while your experimental group those that are sleep deprived are all psychology who just recently earned their drivers licenses, your experiment will lack standardization.

When choosing subjects, there are a number of different techniques you can use. A simple random sample involves randomly selecting a number of for from a group. A stratified random sample requires randomly selecting reviews from different subsets of for population. These subsets might include characteristics such as geographic location, age, sex, race, or socioeconomic status. After you have selected participants, the what steps are to conduct your tests and collect the data.

Prior to doing any testing, however, there are a few important reviews that need to be addressed. First, you need to be sure that what testing procedures are ethical. Generally, you will need to gain permission to conduct any type of testing with human participants by submitting the details of your experiment to your school's Institutional Review Boardsometimes for to as the 'Human Subjects Committee. After you have gained approval from your psychology institution's IRB, you will need to present informed consent forms to each of dissertation culturelle literatures.

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This form offers information on the study, the data that will be gathered, and how the results will be used. The form also gives participants the option to withdraw from the study at any point in time. Once this step has been completed, you can begin administering your testing procedures and collecting the data. After collecting your data, it is time to analyze the results of your experiment. Researchers utilize statistics to determine if the results of the study support the original hypothesis and to determine if the results are statistically significant.

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